职称英语考试阅读理解.docx
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职称英语考试阅读理解.docx
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职称英语考试阅读理解
2012年职称英语理工类B级
教材精讲班课程第三讲
第19篇Graphene(n.石墨烯)'sSuperstrength(n.超强力量)
super:
超级/supermarket/superman
Bigtechnologycomesintinypackages.Newcellphonesandpersonalcomputersgetsmallereveryyear,whichmeanstheseelectronicsrequireevensmallercomponentsontheinside.Engineersarelookingforcreativewaystobuildthesecomponents,andthey'veturnedtheireyestographene,asuperthinmaterial,madeofcarbon,thatcouldchangethefutureofelectronics.
Thisyear'sNobelPrizeforPhysicshasbeenawardedtoAndreGeimandKostyaNovoselovfromtheUniversityofManchester,UK.forthediscoveryofgraphene.Grapheneisn'tjustsmall,it'sthethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld,"saysNovoselov.Hecallsita"wondermaterial."It'ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceofordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers,you'dhavenoideabecauseyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.
Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflifecontainscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon,butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'thavetolookfartofindgrapheme-it'sallaroundyou.
Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff,allyouneedisapencil,paperandalittleadhesivetape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeoverthearea.Whenyoupullupthetape,you'llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeoftheshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite,oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.
Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup-thereshouldbeaneventhinnerlayer,thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover,untilyougetthethinnestpossiblelayerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomthick,andyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer,you'vefoundgraphene.(375words)
练习:
1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?
ABigtechnology.
BCreativeways.
CGraphene.
DBothAandB.
2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs,whatistrueofgraphene?
AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.
BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.
CItiseasytofindgraphene.
DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.
3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword"apply"inparagraph4?
Arequest.Bpolish.Cuse.Dput.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?
AGrapheneismadeofgraphite,oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.
BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,thethinnestmaterialintheworld.
CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite,wefindgraphene.
DWithapencil,asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape,wecanfindgraphene.
5.Graphene'ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthat
AItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.
BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.
CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.
DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.
第三十八篇“LifeForm(n.生命形式)Found(v.发现)”onSaturn(n.土星)'sTitan(n.土卫六)
ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn’smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini,whichpointedtotheexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn’sbiggestmoon.
Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare“breathing”nTitan’sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.
TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan’splanet-1ikesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome“bugs”consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.
Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit’stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,”saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay.“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater—basedlifeonEarth.”
Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethane-basedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan’ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.
ScientistshadexpectedtheSun’sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan’ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.
TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan’ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon—biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam.
“Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,”Allensaid.“Wehavealotofworktodotoruleoutpossiblenon—biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults.”(368words)
1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?
A.TheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn
B.Theyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.
C.Theyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan
D.TheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn’smoon
2.WhatdoScientistssayaboutTitan?
A.Therearelifecluesthere.
B.Thereisacetylenethere
C.WateronTitanexistsintheformofice
D.Riversandlakestherecontainlifeforms.
3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife…(paragraph5)whatdoes“thisformoflife”referto?
A.Water-basedlife
B.Mathane-basedlife
C.Liquid-water-basedmicroorganisms
D.Gas-basedlife
4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?
A.ScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.
B.ScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan
C.Scientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable
D.Scientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation
5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?
A.EarthlikeLivingBeingsfoundonTitan
B.FindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn
C.Titan,aNewSatelliteFound
D.ADifferentLifeForm,aPossibility
理工第46篇
Ants(n.蚂蚁)Have(a)Big(adj.重要的)Impacton(v.对…有影响)Environment(n.环境)as"Ecosystem(n.生态系统)Engineers(n.工程师)
ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.
Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.
DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:
"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."
"Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.
Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.
DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:
"Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect-therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."
Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.(462words)
nutrient n.营养物;adj.营养的
decomposer n.腐生物;分解体
prey v.捕食;n.被捕食的动物
subtlety n,微妙,精妙
herbivore n.食草动物
注释:
1.theUniversityofExe
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