Part III The Literature of Romanticism.docx
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Part III The Literature of Romanticism.docx
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PartIIITheLiteratureofRomanticism
PartⅢTheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism
Section1EarlyRomanticPeriod
WhatisRomanticism?
lAnapproachfromancientGreek:
Plato
lAliterarytrend:
18cinBritain(1798~1832)
I.Preview:
Characteristicsofromanticism
1.subjectivity
(1)feelingandemotions,findingtruth
(2)emphasisonimagination
(3)emphasisonindividualism–personalfreedom,noheroworship,naturalgoodnessofhumanbeings
2.backtomedieval,esp.medievalfolkliterature
(1)unrestrainedbyclassicalrules
(2)fullofimagination
(3)colloquiallanguage
(4)freedomofimagination
(5)genuineinfeeling
3.backtonature
natureis“breathinglivingthing”(Rousseau)
II.AmericanRomanticism
1.Background
(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment
(2)RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries
Derivative–foreigninfluence
2.features
(1)Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.
(2)ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.
(3)The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.
(4)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.
III.WashingtonIrving
1.severalnamesattachedtoIrving
(1)firstAmericanwriter
(2)themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld
(3)fatherofAmericanliterature
2.life
3.works
(1)AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty
(2)TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Hewonameasureofinternationalrecognitionwiththepublicationofthis.)
(3)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus
(4)AChronicleoftheConquestofGranada
(5)TheAlhambra
4.Literarycareer:
twoparts
(1)1809~1832
a.SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropean
b.Conservativelovefortheantique
(2)1832~1859:
backtoUS
5.style–beautiful
(1)gentility,urbanity,pleasantness
(2)avoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertaining
(3)envelopingstoriesinanatmosphere
(4)vividandtruecharacters
(5)humour–smilingwhilereading
(6)musicallanguage
IV.JamesFenimoreCooper
1.life
2.works
(1)Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten’sPrideandPrejudice)
(2)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)
(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)
TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie
3.pointofview
thethemeofwildernessvs.civilization,freedomvs.law,ordervs.change,aristocratvs.democrat,naturalrightsvs.legalrights
4.style
(1)highlyimaginative
(2)goodatinventingtales
(3)goodatlandscapedescription
(4)conservative
(5)characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability
(6)languageanduseofdialectnotauthentic
5.literaryachievements
HecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.
Section2SummitofRomanticism–AmericanTranscendentalism
I.Background:
foursources
1.Unitarianism
(1)FatherhoodofGod
(2)Brotherhoodofmen
(3)LeadershipofJesus
(4)Salvationbycharacter(perfectionofone’scharacter)
(5)Continuedprogressofmankind
(6)Divinityofmankind
(7)Depravityofmankind
2.RomanticIdealism
Centeroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)
3.Orientalmysticism
Centeroftheworldis“oversoul”
4.Puritanism
Eloquentexpressionintranscendentalism
II.Appearance
1836,“Nature”byEmerson
III.Features
1.spirit/oversoul
2.importanceofindividualism
3.nature–symbolofspirit/God
garmentoftheoversoul
4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)
IV.Influence
1.Itservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.
2.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“geton”obscuredthemoralnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.
3.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.
V.RalphWaldoEmerson
1.life
2.works
(1)Nature
(2)Twoessays:
TheAmericanScholar,ThePoet
3.pointofview
(1)Onemajorelementofhisphilosophyishisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”.
(2)Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.
(3)Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimselfandbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansby“theinfinitudeofman”.
(4)Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself.
4.aestheticideas
(1)Heisacompleteman,aneternalman.
(2)Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.
(3)Thepoetshouldexpresshisthoughtinsymbols.
(4)Astotheme,EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalonepoeminitself.
5.hisinfluence
VI.HenryDavidThoreau
1.life
2.works
(1)AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver
(2)Walden
(3)APleaforJohnBrown(anessay)
3.pointofview
(1)HedidnotlikethewayamaterialisticAmericawasdevelopingandwasvehementlyoutspokenonthepoint.
(2)Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.
(3)LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,Thoreausawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman’sspiritualwell-being.
(4)Hehasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.
(5)Hewasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.
(6)“Simplicity…simplify!
”
(7)Hewassorelydisgustedwith“theinundationsofthedirtyinstitutionsofmen’sodd-fellowsociety”.
(8)Hehascalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.
Section3LateRomanticism
NathanielHawthorne
1.life
2.works
(1)Twocollectionsofshortstories:
Twice-toldTales,MossesfromandOldManse
(2)TheScarletLetter
(3)TheHouseoftheSevenGables
(4)TheMarbleFaun
3.pointofview
(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”
(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(causality).
(3)Heisoftheopinionthatevileducates.
(4)Hehasdisgustinscience.
4.aestheticideas
(1)Hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.
(2)HewasconvincedthatromancewasthepredestinedformofAmericannarrative.Totellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottooffend:
ThatwaswhatHawthornehadinmindtoachieve.
5.style–typicalromanticwriter
(1)theuseofsymbols
(2)revelationofcharacters’psychology
(3)theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual
(4)hisstoriesareparable(parableinform)–toteachalesson
(5)useofambiguityterrorrintheworldofuncertainty–multiplepointofview
HermanMelville
1.life
2.works
(1)Typee
(2)Omio
(3)Mardi
(4)Redburn
(5)WhiteJacket
(6)MobyDick
(7)Pierre
(8)BillyBudd
3.pointofview
(1)Heneverseemsabletosayanaffirmativeyestolife:
Hisistheattitudeof“EverlastingNay”(negativeattitudetowardslife).
(2)Oneofthemajorthemesofhisisalienation(farawayfromeachother).
Otherthemes:
loneliness,suicidalindividualism(individualismcausingdisasteranddeath),rejectionandquest,confrontationofinnocenceandevil,doubtsoverthecomforting19cideaofprogress
4.style
(1)LikeHawthorne,Melvillemanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughemployingthetechniqueofmultipleviewofhisnarratives.
(2)Hetendstowriteperiodicchapters.
(3)Hisrichrhythmicalproseandhispoeticpowerhavebeenprofuselycommenteduponandpraised.
(4)Hisworksaresymbolicandmetaphorical.
(5)Heincludesmanynon-narrativechaptersoffactualbackgroundordescriptionofwhatgoesonboardtheshiporontheroute(MobyDick)
RomanticPoets
WaltWhitman
1.life
2.work:
LeavesofGrass(9editions)
(1)SongofMyself
(2)ThereWasaChildWentForth
(3)CrossingBrooklynFerry
(4)DemocraticVistas
(5)PassagetoIndia
(6)OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking
3.themes–“CatalogueofAmericanandEuropeanthought”
HehadbeeninfluencedbymanyAmericanandEuropeanthoughts:
enlightenment,idealism,transcendentalism,science,evolutionideas,westernfrontierspirits,Jefferson’sindividualism,CivilWarUnionism,Orientalism.
Majorthemesinhispoems(almosteverything):
lequalityofthingsandbeings
ldivinityofeverything
limmanenceofGod
ldemocracy
levolutionofcosmos
lmultiplicityofnature
lself-reliantspirit
ldeath,beautyofdeath
lexpansionofAmerica
lbrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(unityofnationsintheworld)
lpursuitofloveandhappiness
4.style:
“freeverse”
(1)nofixedrhymeorscheme
(2)parallelism,arh
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