托福阅读练习1.docx
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托福阅读练习1.docx
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托福阅读练习1
Exampleone:
Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Allliving
creature,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthe
littleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,
Lineamongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcan
(5)livewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremely
ediblebygourmets?
Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhas
subsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstube
feet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.Commonincool
(10)wateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandand
digestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.
Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddish-brownto
sand-colorandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythe
creaturesarecucumber-shaped-hencetheirname-andbecausetheyaretypically
(15)rockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueeze
intocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.
Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershave
thecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate-feedingsparingly
ornotatallforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhave
(20)achancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefood
availableinashorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.
Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.
Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs,whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgans
intothewater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumber
(25)willeviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisattackedoreventouched;itwilldothesame
ifthesurroundingwatertemperatureistoohighorifthewaterbecomestoopolluted.
8.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Thereasonfortheseacucumber'sname
(B)Whatmakestheseacucumberunusual
(C)Howtoidentifytheseacucumber
(D)Placeswheretheseacucumbercanbefound
9.Inline3,theword"bizarre"isclosestinmeaning
to
(A)odd
(B)marine
(C)simple
(D)rare
10.AccordingtothePassage,whyistheshapeof
seacucumbersimportant?
(A)Ithelpsthemtodigesttheirfood.
(B)Ithelpsthemtoprotectthemselvesfrom
danger.
(C)Itmakesiteasierforthemtomovethrough
themud.
(D)Itmakesthemattractivetofish.
11.Thewords"thisfaculty"inline20refertothe
seacucumber'sabilityto
(A)squeezeintocrevices
(B)devourallavailablefoodinashorttime
(C)suckupmudorsand
(D)liveatalowmetabolicrate
12.Thefourthparagraphofthepassageprimarily
discusses
(A)thereproductionofseacucumbers
(B)thefoodsourcesofseacucumbers
(C)theeatinghabitsofseacucumbers
(D)threatstoseacucumbers'existence
13.Thephrase"castsoff"inline24isclosestin
meaningto
(A)growsagain
(B)grabs
(C)getsridof
(D)usesasaweapon
14.Ofallthecharacteristicsoftheseacucumber,
whichofthefollowingseemstofascinatethe
authormost?
(A)Whatitdoeswhenthreatened
(B)Whereitlives
(C)Howithidesfrompredators
(D)Whatiteats
15.Comparedwithotherseacreaturesthesea
cucumberisvery
(A)dangerous
(B)intelligent
(C)strange
(D)fat
16.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthedefense
mechanismsoftheseacucumber?
(A)Theyareverysensitivetosurrounding
stimuli.
(B)Theyarealmostuseless.
(C)Theyrequiregroupcooperation.
(D)Theyaresimilartothoseofmostsea
creatures.
17.WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTcauseasea
cucumbertoreleaseitsinternalorgansintothe
water?
(A)Atouch
(B)Food
(C)Unusuallywarmwater
(D)Pollution
18.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof
behaviorcomparablewiththeseacucumber
livingatalowmetabolicrate?
(A)Anoctopusdefendingitselfwithitstentacles
(B)Abearhibernatinginthewinter
(C)Apigeatingconstantly
(D)Aparasitelivingonitshost'sblood
Exampletwo:
(没讲)
ElizabethHazenandRachelBrowncopatentedoneofthemostwidelyacclaimed
wonderdrugsofthepost-SecondWorldWaryears.HazenandBrown'sworkwas
stimulatedbythewartimeneedtofindacureforthefungusinfectionsthatafflicted
manymilitarypersonnel.Scientistshadbeenfeverishlysearchingforanantibiotic
5)toxicenoughtokillthefungibutsafeenoughforhumanuse,since,unfortunately,the
new"wonderdrugs"suchaspenicillinandstreptomycinkilledtheverybacteriainthe
bodythatcontrolledthefungi.Itwastodiscoverafungicidewithoutthatdoubleeffect
thatBrown,ofNewYorkState'sDepartmentofHealthinNewYork,begantheir
Hazen,seniormicrobiologistattheDepartmentofHealthinLaboratoriesatAlbany,and
10)long-distancecollaboration.BaseduponHazen'spreviousresearchatColumbia
University,whereshehadbuiltanimpressivecollectionoffunguscultures,bothwere
convincedthatanantifungalorganismalreadyexistedincertainsoils.
Theydividedthework.Hazenmethodicallyscreenedandculturedscoresofsoil
samples,whichshethensenttoherpartner,whopreparedextracts,isolatedand
15)purifiedactiveagents,andshippedthembacktoNewYork,whereHazencouldstudy
theirbiologicalproperties.Ona1948vacation.Hazenfortuitouslycollectedaclumpof
soilfromtheedgeofW.B.Nourse'scowpastureinFauquierCounty.Virginia,that,
whentested,revealedthepresenceofthemicroorganisms,InfarmownerNourse's
honor,HazennameditStreptomycesnoursei,andwithinayearthetwoscientistsknew
20)thatthepropertiesoftheirsubstancedistinguisheditfrompreviouslydescribed
antibiotics.Afterfurtherresearchtheyeventuallyreducedtheirsubstancetoafine,
yellowpowder,whichtheyfirstnamed"fungiciden,"thenrenamed"nystatin"
(tohonortheNewYorkStatelaboratory)whentheylearnedthepreviousnamewas
alreadyinuse.Oftheirmajordiscovery,Brownsaidlightlythatitsimplyillustrated
"howunpredictableconsequencescancomefromrathermodestbeginnings."
45.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?
(A)ThelivesofHazenandBrown.
(B)Thedevelopmentofasafefungicide.
(C)TheNewYorkStateDepartmentofHealth.
(D)Thedevelopmentofpenicillin.
46.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabout
penicillin?
(A)Iteffectivelytreatsfungusinfections.
(B)Itwasdevelopedbeforenystatin.
(C)ItwasdevelopedtheSecondWorldWar.
(D)Oneoftheby-productsisnystatin.
47.WhydoestheauthormentionColumbia
Universityinlines10and11?
(A)HazenandBrowndevelopednystatinthere.
(B)Brownwaseducatedthere.
(C)Hazendidresearchthere.
(D)ItawardedaprizetoHazenandBrown.
48.Theword"both"inline11refersto
(A)HazenandBrown
(B)Penicillinandstreptomycin
(C)theDepartmentofHealthlaboratoriesat
AlbanyandNewYork
(D)doubleeffect
49.WhatsubstancedidBrownandHazen
analyze?
(A)Dirt
(B)Streptomycin
(C)Penicillin
(D)Bacteria
50.WhowasW.B.Bourse?
(A)Amicrobiologist
(B)AteacherofHazen's
(C)Acollectoroffungi
(D)Afarmer
Examplethree:
(没讲)
Fungi,ofwhichthereareover100,000species,includingyeastsandother
single-celledorganismsaswellasthecommonmoldsandmushrooms,were
formerlyclassifiedasmembersoftheplantkingdom.However,inrealitytheyare
Lineverydifferentfromplantsandtodaytheyareplacedinaseparategroupaltogether.
(5)Theprincipalreasonforthisisthatnoneofthempossesseschlorophyll,andsince
theycannotsynthesizetheirowncarbohydrates,theyobtaintheirsupplieseither
fromthebreakdownofdeadorganicmatterorfromotherlivingorganisms.
Furthermorethewallsoffungalcellsarenotmadeofcellulose,asthoseofplants
are,butofanothercomplexsugarlikepolymercalledchitin,thematerialfromwhich
(10)thehardouterskeletonsofshrimps,spiders,andinsectsaremade.Thedifference
betweenthechemicalcompositionofthecellwallsoffungiandthoseofplants
isofenormousimportancebecauseitenablesthetipsofthegrowinghyphae,the
threadlikecellsofthefungus,tosecreteenzymesthatbreakdownthewallsofplant
cellswithouthavinganyeffectonthoseofthefungusitself.Itisthesecellulose-
(15)destroyingenzymesthatenablefungitoattackanythingmadefromwood,wood
pulp,cotton,flax,orotherplantmaterial.
Thedestructivepoweroffungiisimpressive.Theyareamajorcauseofstructural
damagetobuildingtimbers,acauseofdiseaseinanimalsandhumans,andoneof
thegreatestcausesofagriculturallosses.Entirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungal
(20)attacksbothbeforeandafterharvesting.Somefungicangrowat+50°C,while
otherscangrowat-5°C,soevenfoodincoldstoragemaynotbecompletelysafe
fromthem.Ontheotherhand,fungibringaboutthedecompositionofdeadorganic
matter,thusenrichingthesoilandreturningcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.They
alsoenterintoanumberofmutuallybeneficialrelationshipswithplantsandother
(25)organisms.Inaddition,fungiarethesourceofmanyofthemostpotentantibiotics
usedinclinicalmedicine,includingpenicillin.
11.Whatdoesparagraph1mainlydiscuss?
(A)Differencesbetweensimplyandcomplex
fungi
(B)Functionsofchlorophyllinplants
(C)Functionsofsugarinthewallsoffungal
cells
(D)Differencesbetweenfungiandplants
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