TPO阅读44文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO阅读44文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO阅读44文本答案翻译
TPO-44
FromFishtoTerrestrialVertebrates
OneofthemostsignificantevolutionaryeventsthatoccurredonEarthwasthe
transitionofwater-dwellingfishtoterrestrialtetrapods(four-limbedorganisms
withbackbones).Fishprobablyoriginatedintheoceans,andourfirstrecordsofthemareinmarinerocks.However,bytheDevonianPeriod(408millionto362millionyearsago),theyhadradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats,including
freshwatersettings.Oneofthegroupswhosefossilsareespeciallycommoninrocks
depositedinfreshwateristhelobe-finnedfish.
ThefreshwaterDevonianlobe-finnedfishrhipidistiancrossopterygianisofparticularinteresttobiologistsstudyingtetrapodevolution.Thesefishlivedinriverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.Thedeltarocksinwhichthesefossilsarefoundarecommonlyredduetooxidizedironminerals,indicatingthatthedeltas
formedinaclimatethathadalternatewetanddryperiods.Iftherewereperiodsofdrought,anyadaptationsallowingthefishtosurvivethedryconditionswouldhavebeenadvantageous.Intheserhipidistians,severalsuchadaptationsexisted.
Itisknownthattheyhadlungsaswellasgillsforbreathing.Crosssectionscutthroughsomeofthefossilsrevealthatthemudfillingtheinteriorofthecarcass
differedinconsistencyandtexturedependingonitslocationinsidethefish.These
differencessuggestasadlikecavitybelowthefrontendofthegutthatcanonlybeinterpretedasalung.Gillswereundoubtedlythemainsourceofoxygenforthese
fish,butthelungsservedasanauxiliarybreathingdeviceforgulpingairwhenthewaterbecameoxygendepleted,suchasduringextendedperiodsofdrought.So,thesefishhadalreadyevolvedoneoftheprimerequisitesforlivingonland:
theabilitytouseairasasourceofoxygen.
Asecondadaptationofthesefishwasinthestructureofthelobefins.Thefinswerethick,fleshy,andquitesturdy,withamedianaxisofbonedownthecenter.Theycouldhavebeenusedasfeeblelocomotordevicesonland,perhapsgoodenough
toallowafishtoflopitswayfromonepoolofwaterthatwasalmostdrytoanadjacentpondthathadenoughwaterandoxygenforsurvival.Thesefinseventuallychangedintoshort,stubbylegs.ThebonesofthefinsofaDevonianrhipidistianexactlymatchinnumberandpositionthelimbbonesoftheearliestknowntetrapods,theamphibians.Itshouldbeemphasizedthattheevolutionoflungsandlimbswasinnosenseananticipationoffuturelifeonland.Theseadaptationsdevelopedbecausetheyhelpedfishtosurviveintheirexistingaquaticenvironment.
WhatecologicalpressuresmighthavecausedfishestograduallyabandontheirwateryhabitatandbecomeincreasinglyIand-dwellingcreatures?
Changesinclimate
duringtheDevonianmayhavehadsomethingtodowiththisiffreshwaterareasbecameprogressivelymorerestricted.Anotherimpetusmayhavebeennewsourcesoffood.
Theedgesofpondsandstreamssurelyhadscattereddeadfishandotherwater-dwellingcreatures.・naddition,plantshademergedintoterrestrial
habitatsinareasnearstreamsandponds,andcrabsandotherarthropodswerealso
membersofthisearliestterrestrialcommunity.BThus,bytheDevoniantheland
habitatmarginaltofreshwaterwasprobablyarichsourceofproteinthatcouldbe
exploitedbyananimalthatcouldeasilyclimboutofwater.■Evideneefromteeth
suggeststhattheseearliesttetrapodsdidnotutilizelandplantsasfood;theywerepresumablycarnivorousandhadnotdevelopedtheabilitytofeedonplants.
■
Howdidthefirsttetrapodsmakethetransitiontoaterrestrialhabitat?
Likeearlylandplantssuchasrhyniophytes,theymadeonlyapartialtransition;theywerestillquitetiedtowater.However,manyproblemsthatfacedearlylandplantswerenotapplicabletothefirsttetrapods.Theancestorsoftheseanimalsalready
hadacirculationsystem,andtheyweremobile,sothattheycouldmovetowatertodrink.Furthermore,theyalreadyhadlungs,whichrhipidistianspresumablyusedforauxiliarybreathing.Theprincipalchangesfortheearliesttetrapodswereintheskeletalsystem—changesinthebonesofthefins,thevertebralcolumn,pelvic
girdle,andpectoralgirdle.
P1:
OneofthemostsignificantevolutionaryeventsthatoccurredonEarthwasthe
transitionofwater-dwellingfishtoterrestrialtetrapods(four-limbedorganisms
withbackbones).Fishprobablyoriginatedintheoceans,andourfirstrecordsofthemareinmarinerocks.However,bytheDevonianPeriod(408millionto362millionyearsago),theyhadradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats,includingfreshwatersettings.Oneofthegroupswhosefossilsareespeciallycommoninrocks
depositedinfreshwateristhelobe-finnedfish.
1.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfishevolution?
A.Lobe-finnedfishwereamongtheearliesttypesoffishtoappear.
B.Fishbeganlivinginfreshwaterhabitatsonlyafteroriginatingelsewhere.
C.Lobe-finnedfishradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats.
D.DuringtheDevonian,Iobe-finnedfishweremorecommoninmarinethaninfreshwaterhabitats.
P2:
ThefreshwaterDevonianlobe-finnedfishrhipidistiancrossopterygianisofparticularinteresttobiologistsstudyingtetrapodevolution.Thesefishlivedin
riverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.Thedeltarocksinwhichthesefossilsarefoundarecommonlyredduetooxidizedironminerals,indicatingthatthedeltas
formedinaclimatethathadalternatewetanddryperiods.Iftherewereperiodsofdrought,anyadaptationsallowingthefishtosurvivethedryconditionswouldhavebeenadvantageous.Intheserhipidistians,severalsuchadaptationsexisted.
Itisknownthattheyhadlungsaswellasgillsforbreathing.Crosssectionscutthroughsomeofthefossilsrevealthatthemudfillingtheinteriorofthecarcassdifferedinconsistencyandtexturedependingonitslocationinsidethefish.Thesedifferencessuggestasadlikecavitybelowthefrontendofthegutthatcanonly
beinterpretedasalung.Gillswereundoubtedlythemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish,butthelungsservedasanauxiliarybreathingdeviceforgulpingairwhenthewaterbecameoxygendepleted,suchasduringextendedperiodsofdrought.So,thesefishhadalreadyevolvedoneoftheprimerequisitesforlivingonland:
theabilitytouseairasasourceofoxygen.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatdothemineralsinthedeltarockscontainingrhipidistiancrossopterygianfossilsreveal?
A.Thesedeltasformedindryperiodsbutgraduallybecamewetter.
B.Thesedeltascontaindifferenttypesofironmineralsthandothesurroundingareas.
C.Mostrhipidistiancrossopterygianfishdiedwhentheclimatebecamedry.
D.Rhipidistiancrossopterygianfishlivedinareasthatexperieneedalternatedryandwetperiods.
3.Theword"advantageous"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.beneficial
B.necessary
C.remarkable
D.common
4.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatmudinside
rhipidistiancrossopterygianfossilsdifferedinconsistencyandtexturedepending
onwherethemudwaslocated?
A.Toprovideevidencethatrhipidistiancrossopterygianlivedinriverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.
B.Toidentifyaneffectoftheoxidationofironmineralsontheevolutionofrhipidistiancrossopterygian.
C.Tohelpexplainwhyscientistshaveconcludedthatrhipidistiancrossopterygianprobablyhadlungs.
D.Toexplainwhyscientistsdecidedtocutcrosssectionsthroughsomefossilsof
rhipidistiancrossopterygian.
5.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Becausethelungsofthesefishwereabletoprovideonlyasmallamountofoxygen,thesefishobtainedmostoftheiroxygenthroughtheirgillsduringperiodsof
drought.
B.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thesefishusedtheirlungstoincreasetheirintakeofoxygenbeyondthelevelsabsorbedbythegillsinnormaltimes.
C.Althoughthesefishprimarilyusedtheirgillstoobtainoxygen,theyusedtheirlungstoobtainoxygenfromtheairwhentherewasnotenoughinthewater.
D.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thegillsbecameanauxiliarybreathingdevice
andthelungsbecamethemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Becausethelungsofthesefishwereabletoprovideonlyasmallamountofoxygen,thesefishobtainedmostoftheiroxygenthroughtheirgillsduringperiodsof
drought.
B.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thesefishusedtheirlungstoincreasetheirintakeofoxygenbeyondthelevelsabsorbedbythegillsinnormaltimes.
C.Althoughthesefishprimarilyusedtheirgillstoobtainoxygen,theyusedtheirlungstoobtainoxygenfromtheairwhentherewasnotenoughinthewater.
D.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thegillsbecameanauxiliarybreathingdevice
andthelungsbecamethemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish.
P3:
Asecondadaptationofthesefishwasinthestructureofthelobefins.Thefinswerethick,fleshy,andquitesturdy,withamedianaxisofbonedownthecenter.Theycouldhavebeenusedasfeeblelocomotordevicesonland,perhapsgoodenough
toallowafishtoflopitswayfromonepoolofwate
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