2 Part II TheLiterature of Reason and Revolutionlhy0222.docx
- 文档编号:5821514
- 上传时间:2023-01-01
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:15
- 大小:31.08KB
2 Part II TheLiterature of Reason and Revolutionlhy0222.docx
《2 Part II TheLiterature of Reason and Revolutionlhy0222.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2 Part II TheLiterature of Reason and Revolutionlhy0222.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
2PartIITheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionlhy0222
PartII.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution
vI.HistoricalIntroduction(※)
vII.Enlightenment(※)
vIII.Literature
vIV.ThomasPaine
vV.ThomasJefferson
vVI.PhilipFreneau
vVII.BenjaminFranklin(※)
vVIII.TheAutobiography(※)
I.HistoricalIntroduction(※)
InEconomy:
TheIndustrialRevolution:
spurredtheeconomyinAmericancolonies.
InPolitics
TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasnowthegreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.
1.ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence.FreedomwaswonasmuchbytheirfieryandinspiringspeechesandwritingsasbytheweaponsofWashingtonandLafayette.The13originalAmericanstateswerepersuadedtobecomeasinglenationbytheargumentsofstatesmenandmenofletters.
2.StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmenthamperedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry,whichledtothecolonies’intensestrainwithEngland.SotheAmericanWarforIndependencebrokeoutin1775.
IndependenceWar(1775-1783):
TheindustrialgrowthledtointensestrainwithBritain.TheBritishgovernmenttriedtosuppresstheirgrowtheconomically,andruledthemfromabroadpoliticallyandleviedheavytaxonthem.Thesearousedbitterresentmentincolonies.ConstantconflictsresultedinAmericanrevolutionarywar.
(1)1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWar.
(2)July4,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence.
(3)1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy.
(4)1778,Englisharmysurrendered.
(5)1783,formalrecognitionbytheBritishgovernment.
3.Theproceduresoftheestablishmentofthenewnation
(1)colony
(2)state
(3)federalrepublic---theUnitedStatesofAmerica
InIdeology(Enlightenment)
vSpirituallifeofthecolonies—Enlightenment,aphilosophicalandintellectualmovement.
vAdvocatedreasonorrationality,thescientificmethod,equalityandhumanbeings’abilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsociety.
vInfavoroftherevolutionaryideasandtookactivelyinthewar.
vOpposedthepuritantraditionsandbroughttheseculareducationandliteraturetolife.
II.Enlightenment(theAgeofReason)
1.Enlightenment
vThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.
v
(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury
v
(2)Sources:
Newton’stheory;deism(自然神教派);Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)
(3)Basicprinciples:
stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledAgeofReason.);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;theideaofprogress.
v2.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment;
3.Representatives:
BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJefferson,etc.
vTherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentsetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWarforIndependence.
2.Anintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthe17thcenturyEngland—France—Europe—EnglishcoloniesinAmerica
vAnageofgreatdiscoveriesandnewmen
vStressedthepowersofhumanreason,theimportanceofscientificmethodsanddiscoveriesinsteadoftheomnipresenceandomnipotenceofGod
vInspiredandenlightenedbyIsaacNewton’snewscientificidea,believedthathumansocietymustoperatebynaturallaws,thatbydiscoveringandapprovinglaws,mankindcouldachievealmostinfiniteprogress
vInAmerica,theEnlightenmentcontributedtofreeingtheAmericansfromthelimitationsofPuritanismandstimulatingthemtostrivefortheestablishmentoftheirindependenceanddemocraticnation.
III.Literature
1.CallforAmerica’sindependenceinliterature
vAssoonasAmericabecamepoliticallyandeconomicallyindependent,thecallforitsindependenceinliteraturestartedtoemerge.
vIn1783,NoahWebsterdeclared,“Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics,asfamousfortheartsasforarms”.YetthroughoutthecenturyAmericanliteraturewaslargelypatternedonthewritingof18thcenturyEnglishmen.
2.TheDevelopmentofLiterature
vPrincipalfeatures:
vThemenofletterswerepreoccupiedwithrationalityandshowedaprofoundlovefortheorderandbeautyofclassicalart.
vInform,itwaslargelypatternedonthewritingofthe18thcEnglishclassicalwriterswhowerecharacterizedbyclarity,precisionandorder.
vIncontent,itwascharacterizedbyitsutilitariantendency.
vWhileimaginativeliteratureinAmericaremainedderivativeanddependent,theheroicandrevolutionaryambitionsoftheagehadcreatedgreatpoliticalpamphleteeringandstatepapers.Essayistsandjournalistshadshapedthenation’sbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose.
3.Featuresofliterature
vTheprosperityofjournalism:
tospreadideasofEnlightenment.
vTheAmericanreadingpublicatthetimedisplaysgreatinterestintheworksofEnglishscientist,philosophersandwriters.
vThesecularidealsinFranklin’sworks.
vEssayistsandjournalistsshapedthenation’sbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose.
4.TheRepresentativeEnlighteners
vBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
vPoorRichard’sAlmanac
vTheAutobiography
vThomasPaine(1737-1809)
vCommonSense
vAmericanCrisis
vThomasJefferson(1743-1826)
vDeclarationofIndependence
vPhilipFreneau(1752-1832)
vPoetoftheAmericanRevolution/ThefatherofAmericanpoetry/Transitionalrolebetweenneoclassicismandromanticism
vTheWildHoneySuckle
IV.ThomasPaine(1737-1809)
vRevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer,borninThetford,England.Paineemigratedin1774toPennsylvania,wherehegravitatedtowardthosewhosupportedcolonialindependence.
Lifeandcareer
vPaine'spamphletCommonSenseappearedinJanuary1776andcausedanimmediatesensation.Init,PainebothsupportedAmericanindependenceandattackedthecorruptionoftheBritishhereditarymonarchy.HefoughtintheRevolutionaryWarandcontinuedtopublish,includinghis1776essayTheAmericanCrisis.
Majorworks
v1.TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise(1772)
v---hisfirstpamphlet,apetitiontoParliamentforalivingwagefortheexcisecollectors.
v2.CommonSense(1776)
---signedsimply“ByanEnglishman”,tourgethecoloniestodeclareindependence;PainbecameforthwiththemostarticulatespokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution.
v3.TheAmericanCrisis(1776-1783)
---Paine’schiefcontributionwasaseriesof16pamphlets(1776-1783)entitledTheAmericanCrisisandsigned“CommonSense”whichdealtdirectlywiththemilitaryengagementstoinspiretheContinentalArmy.
v4.TheRightsofMan(1791-92)
---ananswertoBurke’sRecentReflectionsontheFrenchRevolution,whichnotonlychampionedRousseau’sdoctrinesoffreedom,butalsosuggestedtheoverthrowoftheBritishmonarchy.PainewasindictedfortreasonandwasforcedtoseekrefugeinFrance.
v5.TheAgeofReason(1795)
v---adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligion.
v6.AnalysisofTheAmericanCrisis
(1776–1783)
v---aseriesofpamphletspublishedinLondonfrom1776–1783duringtheAmericanRevolution.ItdecriedBritishactionsandLoyalists,offeringsupporttothePatriotcause.
V.ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)
vBorn:
13April1743
vBirthplace:
Shadwell,Virginia
vDied:
4July1826(naturalcauses)
vBestKnownAs:
AuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence
v1.Hismindrangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge—law,philosophy,government,architecture,education,religion,science,agriculture,mechanics—andwhateverhetouched,heenrichedinsomemeasure.
2.HewasthethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1801–1809),theprincipalauthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFathersforhispromotionoftheidealsofRepublicanismintheUnitedStates.HighpointsofhispresidencyincludetheLouisianaPurchasefromNapoleonandtheexplorationofthewestbyLewisandClark(1804–1806).
v3.Asapoliticalphilosopher,JeffersonwasamanoftheEnlightenmentandknewmanyintellectualleadersinBritainandFrance.Heidealizedtheindependentyeomanfarmerasexemplarofrepublicanvirtues,distrustedcitiesandfinanciers,andfavoredstates'rightsandastrictlylimitedfederalgovernment.JeffersonsupportedtheseparationofchurchandstateandwastheauthoroftheVirginiaStatuteforReligiousFreedom(1779,1786).
vHewastheeponym(名祖,指姓名被用来命名某物)ofJeffersoniandemocracyandtheco-founderandleaderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,whichdominatedAmericanpoliticsforaquarter-centuryandwastheprecursorofthemodern-dayDemocraticParty.JeffersonservedasthewartimeGovernorofVirginia(1779–1781),firstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(1789–1793)andsecondVicePresident(1797–1801).
v4.Apolymath(学识渊博的人),Jeffersonachieveddistinctionas,amongotherthings,ahorticulturist(园艺家),statesman,architect,archaeologist,paleontologist(古生物学者),author,inventorandfounderoftheUniversityofVirginia.
TheDeclarationofIndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress,adoptedonJuly4,1776,whichdeclaredthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawere"FreeandIndependentStates"andthat"allpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isandoughttobetot
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Part II TheLiterature of Reason and Revolutionlhy0222
链接地址:https://www.bdocx.com/doc/5821514.html