Tkalulator 使用手册英文.docx
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Tkalulator 使用手册英文.docx
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Tkalulator使用手册英文
TkalulatorUsermanual
Calculationmodes
Mode
Sothattheoperationsarecarriedoutintheeasiestwaypossible,thecalculationmaybeprocessedincertainmodes.
Youshouldselecttheappropriatecalculationmodeaccordingtothetypeofoperationthatwilltakeplace.
Compmode(computationalmode)
Mode+
Generalcalculationswherevaluesreenteredmanually,includingscientificcalculations.
SDmode(statisticalDataMode)
Mode×
Inputdatamodeforstatisticalpurposes(statisticswithtwovariables)
LRmode(linearregressionMode)
Mode/
Regressioncalculations(statisticswithtwovariables)
CPLXmode(complexnumbersmode)
Mode-
Calculationswithcomplexnumbers(includingscientificfunctioncalculations).
Manualcalculations
Example
(4.5×1075)×(-2.3×10-79)
4.5(E)75(×)(-)2.3(E)(-)79(ENTER)
Result:
1.035×10-3
Retrievingtheresultofthelastcalculation
OnceobtainedtheresultofacalculationbypressingtheENTERkey,iftheresultisvisualizedcanbesuedinlatercalculations.
Example
3×4=12,followedby/3.14
3(×)4(ENTER)
Result:
12
(followedby)/3.14(ENTER)
Result:
3.821656051
Itisalsopossibletoretrievethelastresultobtainedanduseitwithinacalculationformula.
Toinserttheresultofthelastcalculationonacalculationformulapress.
(shift1)(ans)(ENTERbutton)
Example
Performthecalculationof123+456,followedby789-579(thatistheresultofthepreviouscalculation).
123(+)456(ENTER)
789(-)(shift1)(ans)(ENTER)
Result:
210
Constantsandfunctions
Functions
Toopenthelistofavailablefunctionstouseincalculationwithrealandcomplexnumbers,press
(func)
Intheopenedfunctionslist,clickonthefunctionstobeusedanditwillbeinsertedatthecursorpositionoftheformulabeingedited.
Constants
Toopenthelistofavailableconstants,press
(shift1)(func)
Historylistofcalculations
Allcalculationsmadebytheuserarebeingwritteninasequentiallistwithformulasandresults.thesecalculationsandformulascanburetrievedandinsertedintothenewcalculationswherenecessary.
Toviewthehistorylistofcalculationspress
(hist)
Youcanalsoeditanyvaluefromthislist.suchaschangingtheformulaanditsresult,deleteitfromthelistorgetbasicstatisticsoftheresultsofthecalculation(sum,average,standarddeviation.etc.).
Toeraseallcalculationsformthehistorylist,press
(shift1)(Mcl)(DELbutton)
Thehistorylistisalsoclearedwhenevertheapplicationisrestarted.
Datainputforstatisticalprocessingwith2variables
SelecttheSDmode(statisticaldatamode)
(mode)(x)
Example
EnterthefollowingX/Ydataforstatisticalprocessing;
X
Y
50
122
53
118
54
128
55
121
56
125
59
136
62
144
65
142
67
149
71
161
InSDmodepress
50(ENTER)122(ENTER)
53(ENTER)118(ENTER)
54(ENTER)128(ENTER)
Andsoonuntilallthedataisentered.
Toviewthecompetelistofdataentered,inSDmodepress
(shift1)(XYdata)(histbutton)
Toeraseallstatisticdatafromthelist,press
(shift1)(Scl)(ACbutton)
Unlikewhathappenswiththelistofhistoricalcalculations,thestatisticaldatalistispersistentwhenevertheapplicationisrestartedagain.
Linearregressionanalysis
Withthedataofthetwostatisticalvariablesintroducedyouwillbeabletodoalinearregressionanalysis.Observinggraphicallytheregressionlinewithhisconfidenceintervallimitsforagivenlevelofconfidenceandstudytheregressiondatainatabularform.
YoucanalsovalidatetheregressionmodelbytheT-TestmethodandbytheAnalysisOfVariance(ANOVA)method.
Toexecutetheregressionanalysisdothefollowingsteps:
1.selecttheSDmode(statisticaldatemode)
(mode)(x)
2.openthestatisticaldatelistpagebypressing
(shift1)(XYdata)(histbutton)
3.intheXYdatalistpagepress
(linearRegressionAnalysis)
T-Testvalidation
ToruntheT-Testtovalidatetheregressionmodel,presstheapplicationmenubarandselectT-Test.
theT-Testareusedtoconducthypothesistestsontheregressioncoefficientsobtainedinsimplelinerregression.Astatisticbasedonthet-distributionisusedtotestthetwo-sidedhypothesisthatthetruestope,B,equalssomeconstantvalue,B0.thestatementsforthehypothesistestexpressedas:
H0:
B=B0
H1:
B≠B0
FailuretorejectH0:
B=B0impliesthatnolinearrelationshipexistsbetween“X”and“Y”.
theT-Testiscarriedoutonthebasisofaconfidenceinterval(definedbyasignificanceleve).
FormoreinformationonthewebabouttheT-Testclickhere...
Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)
ToruntheANOVAtesttovalidatetheregressionmodel,presstheapplicationmenubarandselect“Analysisofvariance”
Theanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)isanothermethodtotestforthesignificanceofregression,Asthenameimplies,thisapproachusesthevarianceoftheobserveddatatodetermineifaregressionmodelcanbeappliedtotheobserveddata.theobservedvarianceispartitionedintocomponentsthatarethenusedinthetestforsignificanceofregression.TotestthehypothesisH0:
B=0(meansnullslop),thestatisticusedisbasedontheF-distribution.RememberagainthattheH0hypothesismustberejected,sothatthemodelcanbeconsideredvalid.
(Bistherealslopeoftheregressionline)
FormoreinformationonthewebabouttheANOVAmethodclickhere...
Workingwiththeregressiondata
Youcanembedtheregressionparametersinanycalculationformula.Suchastheregressioncoefficient(“r”),theslopetheregressionline(“b”),theinterceptionoftheregressionlinewiththeYaxis(“a”),thesumofXorY,etc...
TodothatyouhavetoselecttheLRmode(linerregressionmode)
(mode)(/)
InLRmode,usesheshift1orshift2keystoincorporatetheregressionparametersinthecalculationformulacurrentlybeingedited.
(thenextexamplesresultsarebasedonthedataenteredinthepreviousexample.)
Example:
Multiplytheslopeoftheregressionlineby5(B×5)(hereBistheestimatedslopeofthetheregressionline)
(shift1)8(×)5(ENTER)
Result:
9.935653
Example:
Addthe[sumofX]to(5×[sumofY])
(∑X+5×∑Y)
(shift2)2(+)5(×)(shift2)5(ENTER)
Result:
7322
Calculateestimatedvaluesbaseontheregressionline
IfnotalreadyinLRmode,selecttheLRmode
(mode)(/)
TocalculateestimatedvaluesofXpress
(shift1)(X)
TocalculateestimatedvaluesofYpress
(shift1)(/)
Example:
CalculatetheestimatedvalueofXforY=130
(Y=130)
(shift1)(×)130(ENTER)
Result:
56.88510434
Example:
CalculatetheestimatedvalueofYforX=60
(X=60)
(shift1)(/)60(ENTER)
Result:
136.18970448
Calculationswithcomplexnumbers
AComplexnumberisanumberthathasarealpartandanimaginarypart,andcanberepresentedintheform“a+bi”,where“a”iscalledtherealpart.“b”theimaginarypartand“i”iscalledtheimaginaryunit,beingi2=-1,thecalculatoralsosupportstheintroductionofComplexnumberinpolarform“rAθ”,where“r”isthemagnitudeand“θ”istheangleofthevectorindegreeswiththeaxisoftheRealComplexinthetwo-dimensionalComplexplane.
Note:
rememberthatthecomplexnumbersinpolarformintroductioninthecalculatorexpression,areassumedtohavetheangleindegrees.
TheavailablefunctionsforcalculationswithComplexnumbershavethesamenameofitshomologousfunctionforRealnumbers,precededbytheprefix“c”(“c”fromcomplex).forexample,thefunction“sin”forRealnumbersiscalled“csin”forComplexnumbersandsoon.ThedifferencebetweenthesefunctionsisthattheformeronlyacceptsasanargumentaRealnumbers(oranexpressionwhoseresultisaRealnumbers),whilethesecondtakesaComplexnumber(orReal,sincethesetofRealnumbersisasubsetoftheComplexnumbersset).
InComplexmodeyoucanviewtheresultsoftheoperationswithComplexnumbersinpolarform“rAθ”.Todothis,selectthe(shift1)buttonfollowedbythe(<)button.Sincethenallresultwillbeexpressedinpolarform.Toreturntothefor“a+bi”,select(shift1)andpressthe(<)buttonagain.
TheangleorargumentoftheComplexnumberisexpressedinthecurrentlyselectedangleunit.Theavailableunitsforanglesaredegrees,radians(default)andgrads.Toswitchtoanotherunitanglepress.
(<)
Note:
somefunctionsforRealnumberscangenerateasaresultaComplexnumber,asforexamplethelogarithm,orthesquarerootofanegativenumber.Therefore,youshouldtakesomecarewithexpressionsthatmayproduceresultsasComplexnumberswhicharetheargumenttootherfunctions,andshallinsuchcasesbeadvisabletheuseoffunctionsforComplexnumbers(startswiththeprefix“c”)insteadofthefunctionsforRealnumbersinsuchawayastoavoidmiscalculations.
Toperformcalculationswithcomplexnumbersselectthecomplexmode
(mode)(-)
Example:
Calculate(3+5.2i)×(-2+5i)andexpresstheresultinpolarformwiththeangleindegrees
[(]3(+)5.2(i)[)](×)[(](-)2(+)5(i)[)](ENTER)
Result:
-32+4.6i
(shift1)(<)
Result:
32.32893441A2.99882071(-32+4.6i)
Assumingyouhavehaveradiansasthecurrentselectedangleunit,pressthebuttontwice,asshownbelow
(<)(<)
Result:
32.32893441A171.81977012o(-32+4.6i)
Example:
Calculatetheprodutofcomplexnumberwithmagnitude2.1andargument30degreesby5(2.1A30)×5
Ifstillnotincomplexmode,selectthecomplexmode
(mode)(-)
[(]2.1(shift2)(x-1)30[)](×)5(ENTER)
Result:
1.61964022-10.37433205i
Example:
Calculatethesinofcomplexnumberwithmagnitude2.1andargument30degrees
Sin(2.1A30)
Ifstillnotincomplexmode,selectthecomplexmode
(mode)(-)
(csin)[(]2.1(shift2)(x-1)30[(](ENTER)
Result:
1.28734395-3.71513951i
Functionsandequations
Youcancreatevarioustypesoffunctions,totracethemingraphic,calculateitsroots,maximaandminima,pointsofinterception,etc.
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