牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解1.docx
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牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解1.docx
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牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解1
Unit4Publictransport
Welcometotheunit
LanguagePoints
dropoff
phrvtobegintosleep
Shekeptdroppingoffatherdesk.
Imusthavedroppedofftosleep.
dropsb/sth⇔off
totakesomeoneorsomethingtoaplacebycarandleavethemthereonyourwaytoanotherplace
I'lldropyouoffonmywayhome.
tofalltoalowerleveloramount
Thenumberofgraduatesgoingintoteachinghasdroppedoffsharply.
Reading
PartA
1.In1863
2.Becauseitlinkedwithotherlinesatalmosteverystation,makingthesystemmoreuser-friendly.
3.Heisthearchitectthatdesignedmanyofthestationsbetween1918and1938.Manyofthestationsarestillinusetoday.
PartC1
1.MostrailwaytracksdidnotgointotheLondoncitycentre,sobuseswererequired.Thisincreasedtrafficontheroad.Theundergroundsystemtransportedmorepeoplewithoutincreasingtrafficontheroad.
2.Thecarriagesdidnothavewindowsandwerepulledbysteamenginesthroughnarrowtunnels.
3.HeboughtmanyofthedifferentlinesandsetuptheUndergroundGroup.
4.Ithasfunctionedasabombshelter,anaeroplanefactory,anti-aircraftcentre,meetingroomsforthegovernmentadministration.
5.Morelineswereaddedbecausemorepeopletraveledontheunderground.
6.Itmeansthatmanyofthelinesarelinkedatmanystations.Therefore,itisveryconvenientforriderstogotodifferentplacesinthecityfromanystation.
PartC2
DateEvent
1854Anundergroundrailwaywasdecidedtobebuilt
1863Thefirsttunnelswereopened
1868Thenextsectionoftheundergroundsystemwasopened
1884Theundergroundservicewasprovidedinthemiddleofthecity
1933Apublicorganizationwascreated
1918-1938Londontransportwasexpanded
After1945Morepeopletraveledontheundergroundandmorelineswereadded
1977Thelastlinewasadded
LanguagePoints
1.distant(Line5)
adj.faraway
inthedistantpast/future:
farawayinthepastorfuture:
distancen.[CorU]theamountofspacebetweentwoplaces:
Hetravelsquiteadistance(=alongway)toworkeveryday.
Doesshelivewithinwalkingdistanceofherparents?
1.boundary
n.--theedge(Line5)
Themountainbecomesthenational~forbothcountries.
Thefenceservesasa~betweenthetwobuildings.
theboundariesofknowledge
2.historic
adj.--havingimportanceinorinfluenceonhistory(Line6)
11November1918isa~dayasitrepresentstheendofWorldWarI.
Canyoutellmewhenthe~meetingbetweenthetwogreatleaderswasheld?
Thisbuildingisof~importance.
historic/historical:
Historicandhistoricalaredifferentiatedinusage,thoughtheirsensesoverlap.
Historicreferstowhatisimportantinhistory:
thehistoricfirstvoyagetoouterspace
Itisalsousedofwhatisfamousorinterestingbecauseofitsassociationwithpersonsoreventsinhistory:
ahistorichouse
Historicalreferstowhateverexistedinthepast,whetherregardedasimportantornot:
ahistoricalcharacter
Historicalrefersalsotoanythingconcernedwithhistoryorthestudyofthepast:
ahistoricalnovel
historicaldiscoveries
Thedifferentiationbetweenthewordsisnotcomplete.Theyareoftenusedinterchangeably:
historictimesorhistoricaltimes
3.choke(Line8)
n.[C]v.窒息;堵塞;阻塞
1).Thechildswallowedapenandchockedtodeath.
2).Theroadstothecoastwerechokedwithtraffic.
3).Atlunchtimethestreetswerechokedwithtraffic.
4).Childrencanchokeonpeanuts.
引申:
chockback忍住,抑制chockup因激动等说不出话来
4.link(Line21)
v.[T]tomakeaconnectionbetweentwoormorepeople,thingsorideas:
1)Theexplosionsarenotthoughttobelinkedinanyway.
•linkup:
toformaconnection,especiallyinordertoworkoroperatetogether:
2)Theorganization'saimistolinkuppeoplefromalloverthecountrywhoaresufferingfromthedisease.
3)Theylinkeduptwoareasbytelephone.
用法拓展:
beconnectedwith与……相接,和……有联系
5.place(Line36)
v.--tobeinastateorsituation
1)Sheplacedataperecorderinfrontofheronthetable.
2)Hisuncooperativeattitudeplacedusinanembarrassingsituation.
3)Thisjobplacesgreatdemandsontheworkers,whichcanbequitestressful.
6.beresponsiblefor(L39)
beinchargeof
1)Thedriverisresponsibleforthepassengers’safety.
2)Philipistheprojectmanager.Heisresponsibleforanythingconcerningtheproject.
3)Whoisresponsibleformakingthedinnerreservation?
7.functionas(L42)
serveas
1)Mylivingroomalsofunctionsasastudy.
2)Theroomfunctionedasastoreroomforkeepingallourcollection.
3)Thebeautifulleaffunctionedasabookmark
8.honor(L51)
aqualitythatcombinesrespect,prideandhonesty:
amanofhonor
Wefoughtforthehonorofourcountry.
n.[C]areward,prizeortitlethatpubliclyexpressesadmirationorrespect:
Shereceivedanhonorforherservicestothecommunity.
inhonorofsb./sth.inordertocelebrateorshowgreatrespectforsomeoneorsth.:
abanquetinhonorofthepresident
9.permit(L57)
v.-tt-[T]toallowsth.:
Theregulationsdonotpermitmuchflexibility.
[+doing]Theprisonauthoritiespermitvisitingonlyonceamonth.
[+object+toinfinitive]Thesecuritysystemwillnotpermityoutoenterwithoutthecorrectpassword.
10.beneath
preposition(formal)
inortoalowerpositionthansb/sth;undersb/sth:
Theyfoundthebodyburiedbeneathapileofleaves.◆Theboatsankbeneaththewaves.
notgoodenoughforsb:
Heconsiderssuchjobsbeneathhim.
◆Theythoughtshehadmarriedbeneathher(=marriedamanoflowersocialstatus).
→UNDER
beneathadverb:
Hercarefulmake-uphidthesignsofagebeneath.
11.order
n.[U]顺序
inorderof:
以……的顺序
outoforder:
杂乱无序
Thechildrenlinedupinorderofage/height.
Ican'tfindthefileIneedbecausethey'realloutoforder(=theyarenolongerarrangedinthecorrectway).
Putthefilesinalphabeticalorder.
12.discount
n.[C]areductionintheusualprice:
折扣
Theyusuallygiveyouadiscountifyoubuymultiplecopies.
Theyoffera10percentdiscountonrailtravelforstudents.
atadiscount
(a)atareducedprice打折扣;减价.
(b)(fig比喻)nothighlyvalued;unfashionable不受重视的;不时兴的:
Concernforothersseemstobeat(somethingof)adiscounttoday.如今好像不兴关心别人了.
WordPower
LanguagePoints
1.relyonsb./sth.
1)依靠,依赖
[+ingformofverb]Thesuccessofthisprojectreliesoneveryonemakinganeffort.
[+toinfinitive]I'mrelyingonthegaragetofixthecarbytomorrow.
2)totrustsomeoneorsth.ortoexpectthemtobehaveinaparticularway指望,期待
Britishweathercanneverbereliedon-it'salwayschanging.
[+ingformofverb]Don'trelyonfindingmeherewhenyougetback(=Imighthavegone).
Grammar
Participles
分词分为现在分词和过去分词,具有动词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中作定语、补足语、表语或状语。
其否定形式是直接在前面加not。
分词的基本情况如下表所示:
类别
主动语态
被动语态
时间意义
语态意义
现在
分词
一般式
Doing
Beingdone
与谓语动词同时
或几乎同时发生
根据语态形式,
主动或被动意义
完成式
Havingdone
Havingbeendone
发生在谓语动词之前
根据语态形式,
主动或被动意义
过去分词
done
无
表示动作完成
被动意义
I.分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词构成为V+ing,过去分词构成为V+ed。
分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。
II.现在分词和过去分词的区别
1.在时态上,现在分词表示正在进行,而过去分词表示已经完成。
Developingcountries发展中国家
Thedevelopedcountries发达国家
Boilingwater沸腾的水
Boiledwater开水
2.在语态上,现在分词表示主动,而过去分词表示被动。
Theoppressingclass压迫阶级
Theoppressedclass被压迫阶级
Burningfire燃烧的火焰
Burnedskin烧伤的皮肤
III.分词的时态与语态
1.一般式(主动、被动)
分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生,主要作定语、状语或宾补。
WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundhimreading.当我进入房间时,我发现他在读书。
Ifoundtheflowerswatered.我发现花已浇过了。
Thebuildingbeingrepairedisahospital.正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。
Hefoundthematterbeingtalkedeverywhere.他发现到处都在谈论这件事。
Beingsurrounded,theenemywereforcedtoputdowntheirguns.敌人被包围,不得不缴械投降。
2.完成式(主动、被动)
分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
完成时态的分词在句中常作状语,一般不作定语。
Nothavingmadeadequatepreparation,wepostponedthesportsmeet.
由于没做好充分的准备,我们推迟了运动会。
Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldhegiveitup?
给了这样好的机会,他怎能放弃呢?
3.现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别
过去分词表示动作已完成,不强调时间概念,而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。
Thebuildingrepairedislibrary.修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
4.延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别
延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子,而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。
Walkinginthestreettheotherday(=WhileIwaswalkinginthestreettheotherday),Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.那天我在马路上走时,突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。
Arrivingattheairport(=WhenIarrivedattheairport),Ifoundmylighthadtakenoff.
到达机场时,我发现我的班机已经起飞了。
IV.分词的独立结构
分词(短语)作状语时,尽管在形式上它没有主语,但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。
Studyinginthecollege(=WhenIstudiedinthecollege),Ilearnedalotfrommyteachers.
在大学学习时,我从老师那里学到了很多东西。
但是,分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为分词的独立结构。
它可以表示时间,原因,条件,伴随的动作,有时还可用介词with,without来引导。
Hismotherbeingill,heisabsenttoday.他的母亲病了,他今天没来。
(原因)
Timepermitting,theywillstarttodoanewjob.如果时间允许,他们会开始做一项新工作。
(条件)
Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。
(伴随)
Theytraveledawholeday,withoutanyfoodeaten.他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。
(伴随)
注意:
分词用于独立结构时,如果分词是being,havingbeendone形式时,没有实际意义的being或havingbeen可以省略。
Theoldmanwasinabadcondition,histemperature(being)over40℃andhispulse(being)weakandrapid.那位老人处于不好的状况,他的体温超过40℃,脉搏既弱又快。
Thereport(havingbeen)read,adiscussionbegan.读完报告,开始讨论。
Theexperiment(havingbeen)finished,weleftthelabandwenthome.实验结束后,我们离开了实验室回家了。
Asadjectives:
v-ing形式作定语
1.单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping发展中国家
anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary看起来很普通的房子
apuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebody困扰人的问题
2.作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The
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