外文翻译悬架系统的基本元件.docx
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外文翻译悬架系统的基本元件.docx
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外文翻译悬架系统的基本元件
外文翻译---悬架系统的基本元件
附录Ⅰ
外文资料及翻译
Aswereviewsuspensionsystemcomponentsandhowtheyworktogether,rememberthatavehicleinmotionismorethanwheelsturning.Asthetirerevolves,thesuspensionsystemisinadynamicstateofbalance,continuouslycompensatingandadjustingforchangingdrivingconditions.Today'ssuspensionsystemisautomotiveengineeringatitsbest.
Thecomponentsofthesuspensionsystemperformsixbasicfunctions:
1.Maintaincorrectvehiclerideheight
2.Reducetheeffectofshockforces
3.Maintaincorrectwheelalignment
4.Supportvehicleweight
5.Keepthetiresincontactwiththeroad
6.Controlthevehicle’sdirectionoftravel
However,inorderforthistohappen,allthesuspensioncomponents,bothfrontandrear,mustbeingoodworkingcondition.
MAINCOMPONENTSOFAMODERNSUSPENSIONSYSTEM
Atthispoint,it'simportanttounderstandthatthemaincomponentsofamovingvehiclesuspensionsystemaretheStruts,ShockAbsorbers,SpringsandTires.Wewillfirstturnourattentiontothedesignandfunctionofsprings.Inthefollowingsectionwewillthoroughlyexaminethefunctionanddesignofshockabsorbersandstrutassemblies.
Thespringssupporttheweightofthevehicle,maintainrideheight,andabsorbroadshock..Springsaretheflexiblelinksthatallowtheframeandthebodytoriderelativelyundisturbedwhilethetiresandsuspensionfollowthebumpsintheroad.
Springsarethecompressiblelinkbetweentheframeandthebody.Whenanadditionalloadisplacedonthespringsorthevehiclemeetsabumpintheroad,thespringswillabsorbtheloadbycompressing.Thespringsareaveryimportantcomponentofthesuspensionsystemthatprovidesridecomfort.Shocksandstrutshelpcontrolhowfastthespringsandsuspensionareallowedtomove,whichisimportantinkeepingtiresinfirmcontactwiththeroad.
Duringthestudyofsprings,thetermbouncereferstothevertical(upanddown)movementofthesuspensionsystem.Theupwardsuspensiontravelthatcompressesthespringandshockabsorberiscalledthejounce,orcompression.Thedownwardtravelofthetireandwheelthatextendsthespringandshockabsorberiscalledrebound,orextension.
Whenthespringisdeflected,itstoresenergy.Withoutshocksandstrutsthespringwillextendandreleasethisenergyatanuncontrolledrate.Thespring'sinertiacausesittobounceandoverextenditself.Thenitre-compresses,butwillagaintraveltoofar.Thespringcontinuestobounceatitsnaturalfrequencyuntilalloftheenergyoriginallyputintothespringisused.
Ifthestrutsorshockabsorbersarewornandthevehiclemeetsabumpintheroad,thevehiclewillbounceatthefrequencyofthesuspensionuntiltheenergyofthebumpisusedup.Thismayallowthetirestolosecontactwiththeroad.
Strutsandshockabsorbersthatareingoodconditionwillallowthesuspensiontooscillatethroughoneortwodiminishingcycles,limitingordampingexcessivemovement,andmaintainingverticalloadsplaceduponthetires.Thishelpskeepthetiresincontactwiththeroad.
Bycontrollingspringandsuspensionmovement,componentssuchastierodswilloperatewithintheirdesignrangeand,whilethevehicleisinmotion,dynamicwheelalignmentwillbemaintained.
SPRINGDESIGNS
Beforediscussingspringdesign,itisimportanttounderstandsprungandunsprungweight.Sprungweightistheweightsupportedbythesprings.Forexample,thevehicle'sbody,transmission,frame,andmotorwouldbesprungweight.Unsprungweightistheweightthatisnotcarriedbysprings,suchasthetires,wheels,andbrakeassemblies.
Thespringsallowtheframeandvehicletorideundisturbedwhilethesuspensionandtiresfollowtheroadsurface.Reducingunsprungweightwillprovidelessroadshock.Ahighsprungweightalongwithalowunsprungweightprovidesimprovedrideandalsoimprovedtiretraction.
Therearefourmajorspringdesignsinusetoday:
coil,leaf,torsionbar,andair.
CoilSprings
Themostcommonlyusedspringisthecoilspring.Thecoilspringisalengthofroundspringsteelrodthatiswoundintoacoil.Unlikeleafsprings,conventionalcoilspringsdonotdevelopinter-leaffriction.Therefore,theyprovideasmootherride.
Thediameterandlengthofthewiredeterminethestrengthofaspring.Increasingthewirediameterwillproduceastrongerspring,whileincreasingitslengthwillmakeitmoreflexible.
Springrate,sometimesreferredtoasdeflectionrate,isusedtomeasurespringstrength.Itistheamountofweightthatisrequiredtocompressthespring1inch.Forexample:
Ifittakes100lbs.tocompressaspring1inch,itwouldtaketo200lbs.tocompressthespring2inches.
Somecoilspringsaremadewithavariablerate.Thisvariablerateisaccomplishedbyeitherconstructingthisspringfrommaterialshavingdifferentthicknessorbywindingthespringsothecoilwillprogressivelycompressatahigherrate.Variableratespringsprovidealowerspringrateunderunloadedconditionsofferingasmootherride,andahigherspringrateunderloadedconditions,resultinginmoresupportandcontrol.
Coilspringsrequirenoadjustmentandforthemostpartaretrouble-free.Themostcommonfailureisspringsag.Springsthathavesaggedbelowvehicledesignheightwillchangethealignmentgeometry.Thiscancreatetirewear,handlingproblems,andwearothersuspensioncomponents.Duringsuspensionserviceitisveryimportantthatvehiclerideheightbemeasured.Rideheightmeasurementsnotwithinmanufacturer’sspecificationsrequirereplacementofsprings.
LeafSprings
Leafspringsaredesignedtwoways:
multi-leafandmono-leaf.Themulti-leafspringismadeofseveralsteelplatesofdifferentlengthsstackedtogether.Duringnormaloperation,thespringcompressestoabsorbroadshock.Theleafspringsbendandslideoneachotherallowingsuspensionmovement.
Anexampleofamono-leafspringisthetaperedleafspring.Theleafisthickinthemiddleandtaperstowardthetwoends.Manyoftheseleafspringsaremadeofacompositematerial,whileothersaremadeofsteel.
Inmostcasesleafspringsareusedinpairsmountedlongitudinally(fronttoback).However,thereareanincreasingnumberofvehiclemanufacturersusingasingletransverse(sidetoside)mountedleafspring.
TorsionBar
Anothertypeofspringisthetorsionbar.ThetorsionbarisastraightorLshapedbarofspringsteel.Mosttorsionbarsarelongitudinal,mountedsolidlytotheframeatoneendandconnectedtoamovingpartofthesuspensionattheother.Torsionbarsmayalsobetransversemounted.Duringsuspensionmovement,thetorsionbarwilltwist,providingspringaction.
AirSprings
Theairspringisanothertypeofspringthatisbecomingmorepopularonpassengercars,lighttrucks,andheavytrucks.Theairspringisarubbercylinderfilledwithcompressedair.Apistonattachedtothelowercontrolarmmovesupanddownwiththelowercontrolarm.Thiscausesthecompressedairtoprovidespringaction.Ifthevehicleloadchanges,avalveatthetopoftheairbagopenstoaddorreleaseairfromtheairspring.Anonboardcompressorsuppliesair.
TiresasSprings
Anoften-overlookedspringisthetire.Tiresareairspringsthatsupportthetotalweightofthevehicle.Theairspringactionofthetireisveryimportanttotheridequalityandsafehandlingofthevehicle.Asamatteroffact,tiresmaybeviewedasthenumber-oneridecontrolcomponent.Tiresize,construction,compoundandinflationareveryimportanttotheridequalityofthevehicle.
STRUTMOUNTDESIGN
Strutmountsarevehiclespecific,andtherearenumerousdesignsinusetodayonbothfrontandrearsuspensionsystems.Thethreemostcommondesignsareinnerplate,centersleeve,andspacerbushing.
TheInnerPlateDesignusedbyGeneralMotorsandsomeFordapplicationsfeatureaninnerplateencasedinmoldedrubbersurroundedbyupperandlowersurfaceplates.Theinnerplateisdesignedsothestrutpistonrodcannotpushthroughtheupperorlowersurfaceplateiftherubbercorefails.Thisdesigngenerallydoesnotrequirewashers.Duetothefactthattheupperandlowerserviceplatesmostlycovertherubberportionofthemount,itisdifficulttoseeiftheinnerrubberbushinghasfailed.However,thesecomponentswearovertimeandwithathoroughinspectionaproperrecommendationcanbemade.Thebearingislocatedonthebottomofthestrutmountandisnotserviceable.Defectivebearingwillrequirereplacementoftheentirestrutmount.
TheCenterSleeveDesignusedbyChryslerfeaturesacentersleevethatismoldedtotherubberbushing.Thisdesignprovidesincreasedsidetosidestability.Thestrutstemextendsthroughthecentersleeve.Upperandlowerretainerwasherspreventthestrutrodfrompushingthroughthestrutmount.Thebearingisaseparatecomponentfromthestrutmount.Ifinspectionrevealscracksortearsintherubberbushing,replacementisrequired.Ifthebearingisfoundtobedefectiveitcanbereplacedseparately.
TheSpacerBushingDesignusedbyVolkswagen,Toyota,Mazda,Mitsubishi,andearlyChryslervehiclesfeaturecenterpositioningofthebearingandaseparateinnerbushinginsteadofamoldedinnersleeve.Theoperationissimilartothestylewejustdiscussedexceptthebearingispressedinthestrutmount.Thebearings,washer,andtheupperplateretainthestrutrod.Iftherubberbushingiscracked,torn,orthebearingisbindingorseized,thestrutmountrequiresreplacement.
ANTI-SWAYBARS
Anotherimportantcomponentofasuspensionsystemistheanti-swaybar.Thisdeviceisusedalongwithshockabsorberstoprovideadditiona
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