BBCGreek myth.docx
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BBCGreek myth.docx
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BBCGreekmyth
BBC-GREEKMYTH
Theorigins
AccordingtoGreeklegend,theworldstartedwithagreatdarkness,calledChaos.ThisseparatedintoamasscalledGaea,theEarth,andanexpansecalledUranus,theheavens.Theirembraceledtothebirthofmanychildren,includingtheTitans,theHecatonchires1,theCyclopes,andtheGiants.
RuleofCronos
Uranus,however,wasanunfairfatherandconfinedsomeofhissonstoTartarus,theworldbelowHades.Gaeawasoutragedatthisandbeggedherchildrentodosomething.Theyallrefused,apartfromtheyoungestTitanCronos,whocastratedhisfatherwithascythe,imprisonedallhisbrothersexcepttheTitansinTartarus,andthusreplacedUranusasthemostpowerfulGod.
CronosmarriedhissisterRhea,afellowTitan,andformanythousandsofyearstheyruledtheuniverse.However,anoracletoldCronosthatoneofhischildrenwouldbecomefargreaterthanhimsoCronosdestroyedeverychildRheagavebirthtobyswallowingit.Rheawasdistraught,anddecidedtosecretlykeeponeofherchildren.WhenshegavebirthtoZeusshegaveCronosastonewrappedincloth,whichheswallowed,thinkingitwashisson.
RuleofZeus
ZeuswassenttolivehiddenwiththegoatAmaltheia,untilhereachedmaturityandhiscarerdied,atwhichtimehemadeapotionwhichhepersuadedhislover,theGoddessMetis,tofeedtoCronos.ThispotionmadeCronosregurgitatehisfiveswallowedchildren,whoassistedZeusinrushingtoTartarustoreleasethebrothersoftheTitans.Whentheyhadaccomplishedthis,ZeushadanarmycontainingGods,Goddesses,Giants,CyclopesandHecatonchires,whichfacedCronosandhisarmyofTitans.
Afterawarlastingtenyears,Zeuswasvictorious.HeimprisonedtheTitansinTartarusandthendrewlotswithhistwobrothers.Poseidongottheoceans,Hadesreceivedtheunderworld,andZeusbecameGodofOlympus,inadditiontobeingkingofallGods.TheEarthwastobethedomainofnoonebeing;itwastobesharedbyall.
Beforetheycouldenjoytheirprosperity,however,theGiantswhohadbeenfightingonZeus'ssidechallengedhissupremacy.AstheGiantscouldonlybekilledbyaGodandamanworkingtogether,ZeusaskedHeraclestohelphimdisposeoftheGiants.Afterthat,Zeusreignedunchallenged-exceptbyhisfellowGods,whounsuccessfullyplottedagainsthimmanytimes.
The12Olympians
MountOlympuswasthehomeofthemostpowerfulGods.ItwasruledbyZeus,theKingofGods,andwaswheredisputeswereresolvedandmeetingsheld.ThereweresomeGodswho,thoughpowerful,didnotliveonOlympus.Hades,brotherofZeusandLordoftheUnderworld,andHestia,sisterofZeusandGoddessoftheHome,arethebestexamples.
Aphrodite
ThetwomostcommonmythsaboutthebirthofAphroditeplaceheraseitherthedaughterofZeus,byDione,thedaughterofUranusandGaea,orthesonofUranushimself,fromthefoamhisseveredsexualorganslandedin.Eitherway,shewastheGoddessofLoveandFeminineCharms,themostbeautifulofalltheGoddesses,atleastaccordingtoParis-shewonthebeautycontestwhichstartedtheTrojanWar.
ShewasmarriedtoHephaestustheblacksmith,GodofFire,whowasuglyandlame,butshehadanaffairwithAres,thefieryGodofWar.However,Hephaestuswastoldabouttherelationshipandsetatrapforthelovers.HefixedastrongbutthinwirenetaroundtheirbedandthentoldAphroditehewasgoingonholiday.ShedeclinedtoaccompanyhimandinsteadbroughtArestotheirbed,wherethenextmorningtheyfoundthemselvestrapped.HephaestustheninvitedalltheGodstoseetheloverstrappedandlaughatthem,andrefusedtofreethemuntilPoseidonintervenedandsuggestedthatAresshouldconsenttopaybacktoHephaestusthedowryhehadpaidforAphrodite.Thiswasagreedupon,andAphroditefledtotheseabyPathos,wheresherenewedhervirginity.
Aphroditewasworshippedmainlybywomen,andhertempleswerefilledwithslavewomen,whosejobitwastoofferthemselvestonearbymen,andsometimesyoungvirginswoulddothesame,givingtheirvirginitytoAphrodite.TheRomansadoptedAphroditeasoneoftheirown,namingherVenus,andshewasseenasaprotectorofthewholeRomanrace.
Apollo
ApollowasthesonofZeusandLeto,daughterofaTitan.GodoftheSilverBow,hewasconsideredthemostarrogantGodofall,fearedbyeventhosehefavoured.Heisfamousforhisloveofmusic,andhisfavouriteinstrumentwasthelyre,giventohimbyHermesinreturnforhisherd.
ApollowasapowerfulGodfromaveryyoungage-justafterhisbirthhekilledhismother'senemy,Python,aserpentGod,attheDelphiOracleofMotherEarth.MotherEarthcomplainedtoZeus,whoorderedhissontorepentandbepurifiedatatemple.Uponhisreturn,PantaughtApollotheartofprophecy,andassistedbyhissisterArtemis,ApollocapturedtheOracleatDelphiandclaimeditforhisown.
Apollowasfiercelycompetitive,challenginganyonewhoclaimedtheycouldbetterhim.HebecameGodofMusicbybeatingPanatamusicalcontest,andhechallengedMarsayaswhenthesatyrclaimedhewasthebettermusician.MarsayasplayedonhispipealmostaswellasApollodidonhislyre,becausethepipebelongedtotheGoddessAthenaandstillhadhermusiclingeringinit.However,Apollosettledthematterbyposingthetaskofsingingandplayingatthesametime.Apollofoundthiseasyonhislyre,butMarsayascouldnotcompletethetask,andsoApollowon,andhadthesatyrflayedaliveandtiedtothepinetreewhichtookhisname.
Aserialseducer,Apollohadmanylovers.They,however,oftenpreferredtomarrymortals,sincetheyknewofApollo'sficklenessandthathewouldabandonthemwithage.HewasonceafflictedwithanunrequitedloveforthenymphDaphne,whofledfromhim.ThislovewascausedbyEroswhodislikedApolloandwishedhimtosufferforawhile.However,thelovefadedandApollofoundCoronis,whoboreAsclepiusthephysician.However,shewasunfaithfultohim,andhekilledherinanger.
ApollowasthefirstGodtolovesomeoneofhisownsex-aprincenamedHyacinthus,oneoftheArgonautsandaheroinhisownright.However,injealousy,Zephyrus,theGodoftheWestWind,causedApollotothrowadiscusthatwentoffcourseandkilledtheprince.
Ares
Areswasconceivedwithouttheassistanceofamale,byHera,whowassoangrywithherhusbandZeusforhisinfidelitiesthatsheboreasonthatwashersalone.Shemanagedthisbystrikingthegroundwithherhand,thusconceivingAres,GodofWarandloverofviolence.
AreswasatremendouslylargeGod,alwayscoveredinarmour,andpossessingterrifyingspeed.Hiswarcry,'Alalealala'wasreputedlyahorrificsound.Helovedwarbeforejusticeandviolencebeforemercy;forthishewashatedbyAthena,whowasfamousforstrategyandrestraint.Hishabitofalwaysjoininginbattlesgothimintotroublefrequently,andhecameclosetobeingkilledanumberoftimes,savedonlybyZeuswhothoughtitwasbadformtoletaGoddie.
Areshadalotofsuccesswithwomen.ApartfromhisfamousliaisonswithAphrodite,herapedandseducedmanyotherwomen,whoallborehimchildren,althoughnonebutDiomedes,friendofOdysseus,cameclosetobeinggreatmen.
Artemis
ArtemiswasthedaughterofZeusandLeto,andwasthetwinsisterofApollo.ShewastheGoddessofvirginity,wholookedafteryoungwomenuntiltheylefthertogotoAphrodite.ShewasalsothehunterforOlympus,andwasfamousforcarryingabow.
Althoughwomenleftherwhentheylosttheirvirginity,shewouldreturntoprotectthemduringdangeroustimes,especiallychildbirth.However,shewasalsoanangrygoddess-whenfollowerswhohaddevotedthemselvestoherstrayedtheywerepunishedseverely,evenwithdeath.
Athena
AthenawasthefavouritedaughterofZeus.Whenhermother,theTitan,Metis,waspregnantwithherZeusheardfromanoraclethatifadaughterwasbornasonwouldbebornafterherwhowoulddestroyhisfather.ZeusswallowedMetis,andwhenAthenawasbornHephaestuscrackedopenZeus'skullandreleasedthechild,whoburstoutinfullarmourwithawarcry.
Zeuswasproudofhisdaughter,whowasagreatwarrior.Sheadvocatedtheuseofstrategy,andwonmanybattlesbymakingcleverplans.Sheoftenchampionedheroes,usingherpowerstoprotectthem.ShewatchedoverOdysseusandAchillesduringtheirstruggles,andwasthestrongestGodwhofoughtagainsttheTrojans,althoughsheturnedagainsttheGreekswhen,intheirvictorycelebrations,theyforgottoburnanyofferingsforher.ShepunishedthembyrequestingthatPoseidondestroymostoftheirfleetwhentheysailedhome.
AthenabecameanimportantpartofeverydaylifefortheGreeks.Shetaughtthemhowtoweaveandsew,andhelpedtheblacksmithslearntheirart.Shefavouredthecrafts,andtaughtthepeopleofGreecetheskillstheyneededtoliveinprosperity.HeradoptedsonErichthoniusnamedAthens,thecapitalofGreece,aftertheGoddess,andherculttherewasstrongerthananyother.
Demeter
DemeterwasasisterofZeus,anddaughterofCronosandRhea.ShewastheGoddessoffarming,andpeacefullylookedafterhersubjectswhoworkedthesoil.However,shegavebirthtoadaughter,fatheredbyZeus,namedPersephone.
AlthoughPersephonehadahappychildhood,whenshereachedadulthoodHadesfellinlovewithherandaskedtomarryher.Zeusrefusedhispermission,becausehedidnotwanthisdaughterlivingintheunderworld.ButPersephonewasoutonedayandstoopedtopickaflowerwhenHadesremovedtheearthfrombeneathherfeet,andshefellintotheunderworld.Hadesofferedthegirlapomegranate,whichsheate,notrealisingthatitwouldcondemnhertotheunderworldforeve
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