克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案英语版.docx
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克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案英语版.docx
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克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案英语版
CHAPTER2
LABORPRODUCTIVITYANDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE:
THERICARDIAN
MODEL
ANSWERSTOTEXTBOOKPROBLEMS
1.a.Theproductionpossibilitycurveisastraightlinethatinterceptstheappleaxisat400(1200/3)
andthebananaaxisat600(1200/2).
b.Theopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananasis3/2.Ittakesthreeunitsoflabortoharvest
anapplebutonlytwounitsoflabortoharvestabanana.Ifoneforegoesharvestinganapple,
thisfreesupthreeunitsoflabor.These3unitsoflaborcouldthenbeusedtoharvest1.5
bananas.
c.Labormobilityensuresacommonwageineachsectorandcompetitionensuresthepriceof
goodsequalstheircostofproduction.Thus,therelativepriceequalstherelativecosts,which
equalsthewagetimestheunitlaborrequirementforapplesdividedbythewagetimestheunit
laborrequirementforbananas.Sincewagesareequalacrosssectors,thepriceratioequalsthe
ratiooftheunitlaborrequirement,whichis3applesper2bananas.
2.a.Theproductionpossibilitycurveislinear,withtheinterceptontheappleaxisequalto160
(800/5)andtheinterceptonthebananaaxisequalto800(800/1).
b.Theworldrelativesupplycurveisconstructedbydeterminingthesupplyofapplesrelativeto
thesupplyofbananasateachrelativeprice.Thelowestrelativepriceatwhichapplesare
harvestedis3applesper2bananas.Therelativesupplycurveisflatatthisprice.The
maximumnumberofapplessuppliedatthepriceof3/2is400suppliedbyHomewhile,at
thisprice,Foreignharvests800bananasandnoapples,givingamaximumrelativesupplyat
thispriceof1/2.Thisrelativesupplyholdsforanypricebetween3/2and5.Atthepriceof5,
bothcountrieswouldharvestapples.Therelativesupplycurveisagainflatat5.Thus,the
relativesupplycurveisstepshaped,flatattheprice3/2fromtherelativesupplyof0to1/2,
verticalattherelativequantity1/2risingfrom3/2to5,andthenflatagainfrom1/2toinfinity.
3.a.Therelativedemandcurveincludesthepoints(1/5,5),(1/2,2),(1,1),(2,1/2).
b.Theequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisfoundattheintersectionoftherelativedemandand
relativesupplycurves.Thisisthepoint(1/2,2),wheretherelativedemandcurveintersects
theverticalsectionoftherelativesupplycurve.Thustheequilibriumrelativepriceis2.
c.Homeproducesonlyapples,Foreignproducesonlybananas,andeachcountrytradessomeof
itsproductfortheproductoftheothercountry.
d.Intheabsenceoftrade,Homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andForeign
two
tradetocountryeachallowsTradebananas.fiveforegoingappleonebygaincould
bananasforoneapple.Homecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhile
Foreigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.Eachcountryisbetteroffwith
trade.
4.TheincreaseinthenumberofworkersatHomeshiftsouttherelativesupplyschedulesuch
thatthecornerpointsareat(1,3/2)and(1,5)insteadof(1/2,3/2)and(1/2,5).The
intersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesisnowinthelowerhorizontal
section,atthepoint(2/3,3/2).Inthiscase,Foreignstillgainsfromtradebuttheopportunity
costofbananasintermsofapplesforHomeisthesamewhetherornotthereistrade,soHome
neithergainsnorlosesfromtrade.
5.Thisanswerisidenticaltothatin3.Theamountofeffectivelaborhasnotchangedsincethe
doublingofthelaborforceisaccompaniedbyahalvingoftheproductivityoflabor.
6.Thisstatementisjustanexampleofthepauperlaborargumentdiscussedinthechapter.The
pointisthatrelativewageratesdonotcomeoutofthinair;theyaredeterminedby
comparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.Theboxinthechapterprovides
datawhichshowsthestrongconnectionbetweenwagesandproductivity.Korea'slowwage
presumablyreflectsthefactthatKoreaislessproductivethantheUnitedStatesinmost
industries.Asthetestexampleillustrated,ahighlyproductivecountrythattradeswithaless
productive,low-wagecountrywillraise,notlower,itsstandardofliving.
7.Theproblemwiththisargumentisthatitdoesnotusealltheinformationneededfor
determiningcomparativeadvantageinproduction:
thiscalculationinvolvesthefourunitlabor
requirements(forboththeindustryandservicesectors,notjustthetwofortheservicesector).
*,Homelaboris hasanabsoluteadvantageinservices,thisisneitheranecessarynorasufficientconditionfor determiningcomparativeadvantage.Forthisdetermination,theindustryratiosarealso required.Thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydependsonboththerelative productivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries. 8.WhileJapaneseworkersmayearntheequivalentwagesofU.S.workers,thepurchasingpower **(since(moreorless),p 3p=prelativelylow.ThisbenefitsandenhancesU.S.purchasingpower.However,manyofthese servicescannotbetransportedandhence,arenottraded.ThisimpliesthattheJapanesemay notbenefitfromthelowerU.S.servicescosts,anddonotfaceaninternationalpricewhichis lowerthantheirdomesticprice.Likewise,thepriceofservicesinUnitedStatesdoesnot increasewiththeopeningoftradesincetheseservicesarenon-traded.Consequently,U.S. purchasingpowerishigherthanthatofJapanduetoitslowerpricesonnon-tradedgoods. 9.Gainsfromtradestillexistinthepresenceofnontradedgoods.Thegainsfromtradedeclineas theshareofnontradedgoodsincreases.Inotherwords,thehighertheportionofgoodswhich donotenterinternationalmarketplace,thelowerthepotentialgainsfromtrade.Iftransport costswerehighenoughsothatnogoodsweretradedthen,obviously,therewouldbenogains fromtrade. 10.Theworldrelativesupplycurveinthiscaseconsistsofastepfunction,withasmanysteps (horizontalportions)astherearecountrieswithdifferentunitlaborrequirementratios.Any countriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexport thegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightofthe intersection.Iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalportionthenthecountrywiththatprice ratioproducesbothgoods. CHAPTER3 SPECIFICFACTORSANDINCOMEDISTRIBUTION ANSWERSTOTEXTBOOKPROBLEMS 1.TexasandLouisianaarestateswithlargeoil-producingsectors.Therealwageofoil-producingfactorsofproductionintermsofothergoodsfallswhenthepriceofoilfalls relativetothepriceofothergoods.Thiswasthesourceofeconomicdeclineinthesestatesin 1986. 2.Toanalyzetheeconomy'sproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmix changesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors. a.Theproductionfunctionsforgoods1and2arestandardplotswithquantitiesonthevertical axis,laboronthehorizontalaxis,andQ=Q(K,L)withslopeequaltotheMPL,andon11111anothergraph,Q=Q(K,L)withslopeequaltotheMPL. 22222Figure3-1 b.Tographtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,combinetheproductionfunctiondiagramswith theeconomy'sallocationoflaborinafourquadrantdiagram.Theeconomy'sPPFisinthe upperrighthandcorner,asisillustratedinthefourquadrantdiagramabove.ThePPFis curvedduetodecliningmarginalproductoflaborineachgood. 3.a.Tosolvethisproblem,onecangraphthedemandcurveforlaborinsector1,representedby (w=MPL=demandforL)andthedemandcurveforlaborinsector2,representedby11(w=MPL=demandforL).Sincethetotalsupplyoflaborisgivenbythehorizontalaxis,the22laborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyL=27andL=73.Thewagerateis21approximately$0.98. Figure3-2 b.Usethesametypeofgraphasinproblem2btoshowthatsectoraloutputisQ=44andQ=90.21(Thisinvolvescombiningtheproductionfunctiondiagramswiththeeconomy'sallocationof laborinafourquadrantdiagram.Theeconomy'sPPFisintheupperrighthandcorner,as illustratedinthetext.) c.Useagraphoflabordemands,asinparta,toshowthattheintersectionofthedemandcurves forlaboroccursatawagerateapproximatelyequalto$0.74.Therelativedeclineintheprice ofgood2causedlabortobereallocated: laborisdrawnoutofproductionofgood2and entersproductionofgood1(L=62,L=38).Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,whereby21productionofgood2fallsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76units. d.Withtherelativepricechangefromp/p=2top/p=1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenby501122percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstayedthesame.Wageshavefallen,butbylessthanthe fallinp(wagesfellapproximately25percent).Thus,therealwagerelativetopactually 22. riseswhiletorealwagerelativetopfalls.Hence,todeterminethewelfareconsequencesfor1workers,informationisneededabouttheirconsumptionsharesofgood1andgood2. 4. Theboxdiagrampresentedbelowisausefultoolforshowingtheeffectsofincreasingthe supplyofthemobilefactorofproduction,labor. a.Foraneconomyproducingtwogoods,XandY,withlabordemandsreflectedbytheir marginalrevenueproduct
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