词汇学Chapter3.docx
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词汇学Chapter3.docx
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词汇学Chapter3
Chapter3
ThreeMajorProcessesofWord-formation(55%)
1.Compoundingorcomposition(about27%):
spacecraft;job-finding
2.Derivationoraffixation(about17.5%):
ex-wife;greenish
3.Conversion(about10.5%):
bus(v.);buy(n.),
EightMinorProcessesofWord-formation(26.5%)
1.Initialismsandacronyms(about9%):
U.N.;TV;UNESCO
2.Blending(about6%):
brunch;boatel
3.Clipping(about2%):
phone;lab
4.Wordsfrompropernames(about2%):
anUnclTom;xerox
5.Backformation(about1%):
gangle(fromgangly(a.));vacuumclean
6.Reduplication(about0.5%):
walkie-talkie;go-go
7.Neo-classicalformations(about4%):
psychodelic;neurolinguistic
8.Others(about3%):
pizzazz;gazump
(borrowing(18.5%))
Plantstructure:
root:
Stem:
base:
Compounding:
Threerelativecriteriaofacompoundword:
1.Spelling/orthographiccriterion:
Compoundsarewritteninvariousways.
(a)solid:
airtight,airmail;
(b)hyphenated:
air-conditioning;
(c)open:
airforce,airraid.
Itisdifficulttodecidewhichformshouldbeusedascriteria;forsometimesthesamecompoundmayappearinthreedifferentforms,e.g.
flowerpotflower-potflowerpot
airlineair-lineairline
2.Speaking/phonologicalcriterion:
Compoundsareusuallyfirstelementstressed.
CompoundsPhrases
'bluebird"aspeciesofbird"a,blue'bird"abirdthatisblue"
'blackboarda,black'board"aboardthatisblackincolour"
'blue,bottle"alargebuzzinga,blue'bottle"abottlewhich
flywithbluebody"isblue"
Sometimestwocompoundshavesimilarconstruction,butonemayhaveacompoundaccent,andtheothermayhaveaphraseaccent,e.g.
'grass,hopperbut:
grass'roots
'red,brickbut:
red'tape
3.Meaning/semanticcriterion:
Themeaningofacompoundisrelatedto,butnotalwaysinferredfrom,themeaningofitscomponentparts.
workday:
adayforwork
sunset:
thetimeofthesun’ssetting
dogdays:
NOT:
daysforadog,BUT:
thehottestdaysoftheyear—inJulyandAugust
blueblood:
NOT:
bloodthatisblueincolor,BUT:
thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth
Possiblerulesofcompoundformation:
Someproductivecompoundtypes:
Nouncompounds(Quirk,etal.1985:
1570-1578)
(i)subjectandverb:
sunrise,rattlesnake,dancinggirl
(ii)verbandobject:
bloodtest,sightseeing,drinking-water,songwriter
(iii)verbandadverbial:
living-room,daydreaming,babysitter,homework
(iv)subjectandobject:
tableleg,toyfactory,chairperson
(v)subjectandcomplement:
girlfriend,blackboard,frogman,coffeetime
Adjectivecompounds(Quirk,etal.1985:
1570-1578)
(i)verbandobject:
breathtaking,self-defeating
(ii)verbandadverbial:
fist-fighting,lip-sucking
(iii)verbless:
carsick,duty-free,grass-green,auditory-visual
Verbcompounds
(i)verbandobject:
housekeep,proof-read
(ii)verbandadverbial:
babysit,vacuumclean
Compoundmodifiers,esp.injournalisticwritings:
thedo-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-needpolicy
never-to-be-forgottendays
thestill-to-be-discoveredelements
Stringcompound:
testtubebaby
othercompounds:
has-been:
apersonorthingthatwasformerlypopularoreffectivebutisnolongerso
lion’sshare:
largestorbestpart
Derivation:
(Quirk,etal.1985:
1515-1558)
Prefixes:
1.negative :
un- (unfair ;unforgettable);non- (non-smoker ;non-perishable);in- (incomplete);dis- (disobey ;disorder);a-/an-(amoral;anarchy)
2.reversativeorprivative :
un- (undo;untie);de- (defrost;decentralize);dis-(discontent;disinfect)
3.pejorative :
mis- (miscalculate;misfire);mal- (maltreat;malfunction);pseudo-(pseudo-intellectual;pseudo-scientific)
4.degreeorsize:
arch- (arch-enemy;archbishop);super- (superman;supermarket);out- (outnumber;outgrow);sub- (subconscious;subnormal);over- (overeat;overwork);under- (undercharge;underestimate);hyper- (hypersensitive;hyperactive);ultra- (ultramodern;ultrasound);mini-(mini-skirt;mini-market);co-(co-education;co-pilot)
5.orientationandattitude:
counter-(counteract;counter-revolution);contra-(contrafactual;contraflow);anti-(anti-social;anti-war);pro-(pro-communist;pro-American)
6.locative:
fore-(forearm;foreleg);sub-(subway;subsection);inter-(international;interweave);trans-(transatlantic;transplant)
7.timeandorder:
fore-(foretell;forehusband);pre-(pre-marital;pre-school);post-(post-election;post-classical);ex-(ex-president;ex-serviceman);re-(re-use;re-evaluate)
8.number,neo-classfical:
uni-/mono-(unilateral;unidirectional);bi-/di-(biplane;bilingual;dioxide;dichotomy);tri-(tricycle;trimester);multi-/poly-(multiform;multiracial;polytechnic;polysemy)
9.miscellaneous,neo-classifical:
auto-(autosuggestion;autocraft);extra-(extraaffectionate);neo-(neo-Nazi;neo-classicism);pan-(pan-African;pan-American);proto-(prototype;Proto-Germanic);tele-(telegram;telephone);vice-(vice-chairman;vice-president)
10.conversion:
a-(asleep;aglow);be-(befogged;bedewed);en-/em-(endanger;embitter)
Suffixes:
1.Nounsuffixes
Denominalnouns:
abstract
(A)-age:
mileage;frontage
(B)-dom:
officialdom;kingdom
(C)-ful:
spoonful;glassful
(D)-hood:
boyhood;falsehood
(E)-ing:
carpeting;farming
(F)-ism:
idealism;racism
(G)-ocracy:
democracy;aristocracy
(H)-ship:
friendship;membership
Denominalnouns:
concrete
(A)-eer:
mountaineer;profiteer
(B)-er:
villager;Londoner
(C)-ess:
lioness;waitress
(D)-ette:
kitchenette;leatherette
(E)-let:
booklet;starlet
(F)-ling:
duckling;princeling
(G)-ster:
trickster;gamester
Deverbalnouns
(A)-ant:
contestant;informant
(B)-ee:
nominee;examinee
(C)–er/-or:
singer;actor
(D)-age:
coverage;breakage
(E)-al:
refusal;dismissal
(F)-ation:
exploration;starvation
(G)-ing:
opening;filling
(H)-ment:
puzzlement;arrangement
De-adjectivalnouns
(A)-ity:
rapidity;regularity
(B)-ness:
meanness;happiness
Noun/adjectivesuffixes
(A)-ese:
Chinese;Japanese
(B)–(i)an:
Chomskyan;Russian
(C)-ist:
violinist;stylist
2.Adjectivesuffixes
Denominal
(A)-ed:
pointed;blue-eyed
(B)-ful:
useful;successful
(C)-ish:
foolish;coldish
(D)-less:
careless;restless
(E)-like:
childlike;monkeylike
(F)-ly:
manly;motherly
(G)-y:
hairy;wealthy
(H)–(i)al:
dialectal;professorial
(I)-esque:
romanesque
(J)-ic:
atomic;heroic
(K)-ous:
desirous;ambitious
Deverbal
(A)-able:
debatable;washable
(B)-ive:
attractive;effective
3.Adverbsuffixes
(A)-ly:
personally;extremely
(B)-ward(s):
northward(s);onward(s)
(C)-wise:
clockwise;moneywise
4.Verbsuffixes
(A)-ate:
hyphenate;chlorinate
(B)-en:
deafen;sadden
(C)–(i)fy:
simplify;beautify
(D)-ize/-ise:
hospitalize;publize;avertise
Conversion:
(Quirk,etal.1985:
1515-1567)
Conversiontonoun:
Deverbal:
1.stateofmindorsensation:
desire;smell;want
2.event/activity:
attempt;fall;laugh
3.objectofV:
answer;catch
4.subjectofV:
cheat;coach
5.instrumentofV:
cover;wrap
6.mannerofV-ing:
walk;throw
7.placeofV:
rise;divide
De-adjectival:
Bitter;weekly;monthly
Conversiontoverb:
Denominal:
1.toputin/onN:
bottle;carpet
2.togiveN,toprovidewithN:
butter;mask
3.todepriveofN:
peel;skin
4.to…withN:
glue;knife
5.tobe/actasNwithrespectto…:
father;pilot
6.tomake/change…intoN:
cash;cripple
7.tosend/gobyN:
mail;bicycle
De-adjectival:
1.tomake(more)adj:
dirty;calm
2.tobecomeadj:
empty;narrow
Conversiontoadjective:
Denominal:
abrickgarage~Thegarageisbrick.
HisaccentisveryMayfair(veryHarvard)
AdescriptionofconversionpercentageofentriesinWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary(1983):
noun
adj
verb
adverb
prep
interjection
combiningform
suffix
1762
408
205
7
1
2
7
1
73.6%
17%
8.6%
0.3%
0.04%
0.08%
0.3%
0.04%
Afewpairsofadjectives/nounswithdifferentsuffixesandmeanings:
1.historichistorical
2.economiceconomical
iccomical
4.politicpolitical
5.womanlywomanish
6.childlikechildish
7.continuancecontinuationcontinuity
cf.英语单词词根词缀和词性转换.docforfurtherinformation
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