北外翻译真题.docx
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北外翻译真题.docx
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北外翻译真题
北外基础英语,同声传译试卷
转载自:
1998年基础英语试卷Readthefollowingpassage:
ARCHIBALDMACLEISH:
BicentennialofWhat?
AnaddressattheBicentennialcommemorationoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSocietyinPhiladelphia
ItisacommonhumanpracticetoanswerquestionswithouttrulyaskingthemandtheAmericanbicentennialismerelythelatestinstance.EveryoneknowswhattheBicentennialcelebrates:
the200thanniversaryoftheadoption,bytheContinentalCongress,oftheDeclarationofIndependence.ButnooneaskswhattheBicentennialisbecausenooneaskswhattheDeclarationwas.TheinstrumentofannouncingAmericanindependencefromGreatBritain?
Clearlythat:
butisthatallitwas?
IsitonlyAmericanindependencefromGreatBritainwearecelebratingonJuly4,1976——onlytheinstrumentwhichdeclaredourindependence?
TherehavebeenotherdeclarationsofunilateralindependencefromGreatBritainwhichnooneislikelytorememberfor200years,muchlesstocelebrate.
“Allmen”aresaidinthatdocumenttobecreatedequalandtohavebeenendowedwithcertainunalienablerights.Allgovernmentsareallegedtohavebeeninstitutedamongmentosecurethoserights——toprotectthem.Arethese,then,Americanrights?
Doubtless——butonlyAmerican?
IsittheBritishGovernmentwhichisdeclaredtohaveviolatedthem?
Unquestionably——buttheBritishGovernmentalone?
Andtherevolutionagainsttyrannyandarrogancewhichishereimplied——isitarevolutionwhichAmericanindependencefromthemediocremajestyofGeorgeIIIwillwinoristheresomethingmoreintended?
——somethingforallmankind?
——foralltheworld?
Intheolddayswhencollegeundergraduatesstillreadhistory,anyundergraduatecouldhavetoldyouthatthesearenotrhetoricalquestions:
thattheywere,fromthebeginning,twoopinionsabouttheDeclarationandthattheywereheldby(amongothers)thetwogreatmenwhohadmosttodowithitscompositionanditsadoptionbytheCongress.
JohnAdams,whosupportedtheDeclarationwithallhisformidablepowers,inclinedtotheviewthatitwasjustwhatiscalleditself:
adeclarationofAmericanindependence.ThomasJefferson,whowroteit,heldtheoppositeopinion:
itwasarevolutionaryproclamationapplicabletoallmankind.
“Mayitbetheworld”,hewrotetothecitizensofWashingtonafewdaysbeforehedied,“whatIbelieveitwillbe:
tosomepartssooner,tootherslater,butfinallytoall,thesignalofarousingmentoburstthechains…”
Andhewentoninreverberatingwords:
“Themassofmankindhasnotbeenbornwithsaddlesontheirbacksforafavoredfew,bootedandspurred,readytoridethembythegraceofGod.”
Moreover,thesetwogreatandfamousmenwerenottheonlyPresidentsoftheRepublictochoosebetweenthealternatives:
Athird,asgreataseither,speakinginPhiladelphiaatthedarkestmomentinourhistory——bearingindeedthewholeweightofthathistoryonhisshouldersashespoke——turnedtotheDeclarationforguidanceforhimselfandforhiscountryandmadehischoicebetweenthemeanings.
Mr.LincolnhadbeenmakinghiswayslowlyeastwardinFebruary1861fromSpringfieldtoWashingtontotaketheoathofofficeasPresidentofadividedpeopleonthevergeofCivilWar.HehadreachedPhiladelphiaonthe21stofFebruarywherehehadbeentoldoftheconspiracytomurderhiminBaltimoreashepassedthroughthatcity.HehadgonetoIndependenceHallbeforedaylightonthe22nd.Hehadfoundacrowdwaiting.Hehadspokentothem.
Hehadoftenaskedhimself.Mr.Lincolnsaid,whatgreatprincipleorideaitwaswhichhadheldtheUnionsolongtogether.“Itwasnot,”hesaid,asthoughreplyingdirectlytoJohnAdams,“themerematteroftheseparationfromthemothercountry.”
Itwassomethingmore.“SomethingintheDeclaration,”theyheardhimsay.“Somethinggivinglibertynotalonetothepeopleofthiscountrybuthopetotheworld.”“Itwasthatwhichgavepromisethatinduetimetheweightsshouldbeliftedfromtheshouldersofallmen.”
Anyoneelse,anymodernPresidentcertainly,wouldhavesaid,asmostofthemregularlydo,thathishopeforthecountrywasfixedinhugeexpendituresforarms,inthepossessionofoverwhelmingpower.NotMr.Lincoln.NotMr.Lincolnevenatthatdesperatemoment.Hishopewasfixedinagreataffirmationofbeliefmadealmostacenturybefore.ItwasfixedinthecommitmentoftheAmericanpeople,atthebeginningoftheirhistoryasapeople,to“agreatprincipleoridea”:
theprincipleorideaofhumanliberty——ofhumanlibertynotforthemselvesalonebutformankind.
ItwasadaringgambleofMr.Lincoln’s——butsotoowasMr.Jefferson’sDeclaration——sowasthecausewhichMr.Jefferson’sDeclarationhaddefined.Couldanationbefoundedonthebeliefinliberty?
Couldbeliefinlibertypreserveit?
TwoAmericangenerationsarguedthatissuebutnotours——notthegenerationofthecelebrantsofthe200thanniversaryofthatgreatevent.Weassume,Isuppose,thatMr.Jefferson’spolicywasrightforhimandrightforMr.Lincoln,becauseitwassuccessful.ButwhateverwethinkaboutMr.Lincoln’viewoftheDeclaration,whateverwebelieveabouttheDeclarationinthepast,inothermen’slives,inothermen’swars,wedonotaskourselves,aswecelebrateitsBicentennial,whatitistoday,whatitistous.
OurpresentPresidenthasneverintimatedbysomuchasawordthatsuchaquestionmightberelevant——thatitevenexists.TheCongresshasnotdebatedit.ThestateandFederalcommissionschargedwithBicentennialresponsibilityexpressnoopinions.Onlythegenerationoftheyoung,sofarasIaminformed,hasevenmentionedit,andthepresentgenerationoftheyounghascertainunderstanbleprejudices,inheritedfromthedisillusionmentsofrecentyears,whichcolortheircomments…
Expressyourviewthatthenationbroughtintobeingbyhatgreatdocumentwas,andhadnochoicebutbe,arevolutionarynation,andyouwillberemindedthat,butfortheaccidentaldiscoveryofapieceoftapeonadoorlatch,thePresidentoftheUnitedStatesintheBicentennialyearwouldhavebeenRichardNixon.AndsoitwillgountilyouaretoldatlastthattheAmericanRevolutionisafigureofobsolescentspeech;thattheDeclarationhasbecomeamuseumexhibitintheNationalArchives;andthat,asfortheBicentennial,itisayear-longcommercialwhichoughttobeturnedoff.
Well,theindignationoftheyoungisalwaysadmirableregardlessofitsverbalexcesses——farmoreadmirable,certainly,thantheindifferenceoftheelders.But,unfortunately,itistheindifferenceoftheelderswehavetoconsider.Andnotonlybecauseitisapuzzling,aparadoxical,indifferencebutbecauseitisasdisturbingasitisparadoxical.
DoesourindifferencetotheexplicitlyrevolutionarypurposeoftheDeclaration-oursilenceaboutMr.Jefferson’sinterpretationofthatpurpose——meanthatwenolongerbelieveinthatpurpose——nolongerbelieveinhumanliberty?
Hardly?
...
Butifthisisso,ifwestillbelieveinthecauseofhumanliberty,whydowecelebratetheanniversaryofthedocumentwhichdefineditforuswithoutathoughtforthemeaningofthedefinition,thenornow?
Whyhavewenotheardfromourrepresentativesandourofficialsonhisgreattheme?
Isitbecause,althoughtheRepubliccontinuestobelieveinhumanlibertyforitself,itnolongerhopesforitintheworld?
Becauseitnolongerthinkssuchahope“realistic”?
...
Sofar,indeed,isMr.Jefferson’srevolutionfrombeingobsoletethatitisnowtheonlytrulyrevolutionaryforceintheagewelivein.Andnotdespitethepolicestatesbutbecauseofthem.
In1945,whenehaddriventheNazisoutofEuropeandtheJapaneseoutofthePacificinthenameofhumanfreedomandhumandecency,westoodatthepeak,notonlyofourpowerasanationbutofourgreatnessasapeople.Weweremorenearlyourselves,ourtrueselvesastheinheritorsofThomasJeffersonandAbrahamLincoln,thanwehadeverbeenbefore.Andyetwithinafewyearsofthattremendoustriumph,oftheunexampledgenerosityofournuclearoffertotheworld,ofthemagnificenceofthemarshallPlan,wewerelostinthehystericalfearsandignobledeceitsofJoeMcCarthyandhisfollowersandhadadopted,asourforeignpolicy,thenotionthatifwe“contained”theRussianinitiative,wewouldsomehoworotherbebetteroffourselvesthanifwepursuedourhistoricpurposeasJeffersonconceivedit.
Theresult,aswenowknow,wasdisaster.AndnotonlyinSoutheastAsiaandPortugalandAfricabutthroughouttheworld,Containmentputusinbedwitheveryanti-Communistwecouldfindincludingsomeofthemostoffensivedespotstheninbusiness.ItproducedflagrantlysubversiveandshamefulplotsbyAmericanagenciesagainstthedulyelectedgovernmentsofothercountries.Anditendedbypersuadingthenewcountriesofthepostwarworld,theemergingnations,thatheUnitedStateswastothemandtotheirhopeswhattheHolyAlliancehadbeentousandours200yearsbefore.
I.Explainthefollowinginyourownwords:
1.Allgovernmentsareallegedtohavebeeninstitutedamongmentosecurethoserights-toprotectthem.2.Intheolddayswhencollegeundergraduatesstillreadhistory…
(1)Whatistheimplicationofthisstatement?
(2)Howdoyouknow?
3.…whohadmosttodowithitscompositionanditsadoptionbytheCongress.4.Mayitbetotheworld,whatIbelieveitwillbe:
tosomepartssooner,tootherslater,butfinallytoall,thesignalofarousingmentoburstthechains…5.Themassofmankindhasnotbeenbornwithsaddles…bythegraceofGod.6.Itwasthatwhichgavepromise…fromtheshouldersofallmen.7.Itwas
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