现代语言学简答题汇总.docx
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现代语言学简答题汇总.docx
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现代语言学简答题汇总
现代语言学简答题汇总
✧第一章、绪论Introduction
1、语言学的主要分支是什么。
每个分支的研究对象是什么?
(各个语言学分支名解建议用各个分章节的)
Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:
Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy
Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication
Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication
Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords
Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences
Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.
√3、什么叫共时研究?
什么叫历时研究?
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
√√4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?
1)Arbitrariness。
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity。
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.
3)Duality。
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4)Displacement。
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission。
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
√√5、什么是语言学?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
√6.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,not thewritten?
First,thespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesFinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.
√7.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
√√8.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareugrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
9.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
10.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.
第二章、语音学Phonetics
1、语言交际的两大媒介是什么?
哪一个是基本的交际媒介?
为什么?
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.
√2、语音学的三个分支是什么。
它们研究的对象各是什么?
Articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichtheespeechsoundsareproduced.
Acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.
Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.
3、什么叫浊音化?
它是如何形成的?
(voicing)
Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheldtogethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.
4、宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别?
Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
√√5、英语的辅音是如何分类的?
1)byplaceofarticulation:
a.bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]
b.labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]
c.dentalsuchas[θ],[T]
d.alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.palatalsuchas[∫],[V],[t∫],[dV],[j]
f.velarsuchas[k],[g],[N]
g.glottalsuchas[h]
2)bymannerofarticulation.
a.Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
b.Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[T],[∫],[V],[h]
c.Afficatessuchas[t∫],[dV]
d.Liquidssuchas[l],[r]
e.Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[N]
f.Glidessuchas[w],[j]
√6、英语的元音是如何分类的?
1)Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:
][i][e][A][a],centralvowelssuchas[\:
],[[],[Q]andbackvowelssuchas[u:
][J][C:
]and[B:
]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.
2)Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowelssuchas[i:
],[i],[u:
],[J],semi-closevowelssuchas[e],[з:
],semi-openvowelssuchas[[],[C:
],andopenvowelssuchas[?
],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:
].
3)Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.
4)TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowels
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