Analysis of Compressed Force in Crowds.docx
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AnalysisofCompressedForceinCrowds
DistributedobjectmodelforcollaborativeCADenvironmentsbasedondesignhistory OriginalResearchArticle
AdvancesinEngineeringSoftware,Volume34,Issue10,October2003,Pages621-631
C.A.M.Barbosa,BrunoFeijó,MarceloDreux,RubensMelo,SérgioScheer
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Abstract
Thispaperpresentsnewconceptsfordistributeddynamicdesignenvironmentsthatdealwiththreeaspectsnoteffectivelyconsideredbythedesignliteratureinanintegratedway:
designhistory,CADdatamodel,andvirtualprototyping.ThepresentworkdetailsadesignhistorymodelthatgivessupporttoviewsofhigherlevelsthanthoseusuallyfoundindesignjournalsofCADsystems.ThedynamicnatureofthedistributedenvironmentisprovidedbyaninnovativemechanismthatisnotdependentonCORBA'sDIIoranyotherspecializedmiddlewarestructure.Moreover,thispaperpresentsaneffectiveintegrationofageometrybusonthetopofacommunicationlayerwithstrongsupporttomutantdistributedobjectsatruntime.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Theobjectmodel
3.Designhistory
4.Theengineeringdatabase
5.Thecommunicationstring
6.Thecomponentarchitecture
7.Thedistributedsystem
8.Integrationmodel
9.Theprototype
10.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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208
Memorydistribution:
TechniquesandpracticeforCADapplications OriginalResearchArticle
ParallelComputing,Volume24,Issue11,October1998,Pages1597-1615
CraigChase,PrakashArunachalam,JacobAbraham
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Abstract
Wepresentamechanismforexploitingthememoryavailableinanetworkofworkstationstorunsingle-threaded,memory-boundapplications.SuchapplicationsarecommonintheComputerAidedDesign(CAD)areaforintegratedcircuits.WeexperimentwithtwoCADapplicationsandshowthatmemorydistributionenablestheseapplicationstoprocesscircuitsthatcouldnototherwisebeprocessed.Weachievehighlocalityofreferenceforapplicationswithgoodtemporallocalitybyusingset-associativecaches.Toexploitspatiallocalityweutilizedatechniquecalled“DistributedObjectTraversal”thattransfersthethreadofcontroltotheprocessonwhicheachobjectisstored(theconverseoperationtocaching).Distributedobjecttraversalisshowntoprovideexcellentlocalityofreferenceforpracticalapplications.Thecompoundeffectoftheoptimizationsandintegrationofthememorydistributionmechanismintotheapplicationprovidesefficientaccesstodistributedmemory.WecompareourperformancetothatobtainablewiththeTreadmarkssharedmemorypackageandobserveroughly30%fasterexecutiontimesforoursystem.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
1.1.Memorydistributionandvirtualmemory
1.2.Relatedwork
1.2.1.Distributedsharedmemory
1.2.2.BerkeleyNOWproject
1.3.Organization
2.Implementationofdistributedmemory
2.1.Distributedpointers
2.2.Baselineimplementation
2.3.Caching
2.4.Distributedobjecttraversals
2.5.Partitioningandloadbalance
3.ExperiencewithtwoCADapplications
3.1.Verification
3.1.1.Contrastwithvirtualmemory
3.1.2.Comparisonwithtreadmarks
3.2.Test-knowledgeextraction
4.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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209
UrbanlandscapeplanningexperienceinNigeria OriginalResearchArticle
LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,Volume43,Issues1-3,28December1998,Pages133-142
A.O.Oduwaye
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Abstract
Nigeria,anationwithpopulationofmorethan88millionhasabout30%ofitspopulationlivinginurbanareas.Thisproportionofthepopulationinurbansettlementshasgreatimplicationonland-useplanningandenvironmentalquality.Thisiswhereitisdesirabletoexaminethelevelofurbanlandscapeplanninginthecountryasthiscangiveusaninsightintothedegreeofland-useco-ordinationandenvironmentalqualityindifferentpartsofthecountry.Theexecutionoflandscapeplanningisunderphysicalplanningsectorsofthevariousgovernmentagencies.Thismakesituncleartoidentifytheagenciesresponsibleforlandscapeplanning.Theconsequenceofthisisthatthereisnocomprehensiveapproachtolandscapeplanning.Whatisnowbeingexperiencedisapiece-mealapproach,underthesupervisionoflandscape-relatedprofessionalssuchasarchitects,townplanners,horticulturists,andengineers,amongstothers.Also,theexistingsituationleadstoconflictingpoliciesandimplementationprocedure.Thispaperdiscussestheconceptualframeworkforlandscapestudies,drawingconclusionstojustifythemethodadoptedinthestudyofurbanlandscapeplanningexperienceinNigeria.Therearealsospecificsocio-economic,political,legalandadministrativeconstraintsfacinglandscapeplanninginthecountry.Nigerianlandscapeplanningdevelopmenthistorycanbecategorizedintothreeperiods,namely–pre-colonialperioddatingbefore1854,colonialperiodfrom1854to1960andthepost-colonialperiod,from1960tothepresenttime.EachoftheseperiodshasitsdistinctfeaturesthoughthefirsttwofusedtogethertoproduceanewlyemergingNigerianlandscapedevelopmenteventhoughwithgreatercolonialinfluence.Thepaperalsodiscussestheroleofdifferentlevelsofgovernment,non-governmentalorganisationsandindividualsduringtheseperiods.It,however,makessuggestionsontheneedtoencouragecitizenparticipation,particularlythepoormajorityandtheneedforappropriatemanpower.Theproblemofreligionandcultureareexaminedasthesearemajorconstraintsoutsidethegovernmentmachinerytoformallandscapedevelopmentinthecountry.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Conceptualframeworkforlandscapestudy
3.LandscapeplanningproblemsinNigeria
4.LandscapeplanninginNigeria
4.1.Pre-colonialperiodlandscapedevelopment
4.2.Colonialperiod(1954–1960)
4.3.Post-colonialperiod(1960–todate)
5.Suggestions
6.Conclusion
References
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Guidanceforcrystalballgazers:
developingacodeofethicsforlandscapevisualization OriginalResearchArticle
LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,Volume54,Issues1-4,25May2001,Pages183-199
StephenR.J.Sheppard
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Abstract
Computervisualizationoflandscapesinthreeorfourdimensionsconstitutesa“crystalball”capableofshowingusviewsintothefuture.Thispaperdiscussestherisksofthegrowingbutunstructureduseoftheselandscapevisualizationsasapopulardecision-makingandpubliccommunicationstoolinplanning.Theauthorarguesthatweneedtoestablishaframeworkforguidanceandsupportingresourcesfortheuseoflandscapevisualization,includingacceptedprocedures,training,appropriatedatabases,andacommunicationnetworkforusers.Inparticular,itisarguedthatthepreparersofvisualizations—whomwecanthinkofasthe“crystalballgazers”whoconjureupandinterprettheimagery—needtobegovernedbyacodeofethicsfordefensiblelandscapevisualization.
Drawingonresearchonvisualizationeffectivenessandvalidity,aswellasanecdotalevidencefromprofessionalpractice,thepaperidentifiespotentialproblemsassociatedwithemergingvisualizationtechnologies,andreviewstheneedsfor,progresstoward,andpotentialbenefitsofasupportinfrastructureforvisualizationpreparersandpresenters.Aframeworkforguidanceandsupportofvisualizationpractitionersisproposed,inthehopeofimprovingthechancesofethicalpracticeandscientificvalidityintheuseofthesesystems.Pendingmorecomprehensivefindingsfromtheconsiderablebodyofresearchwhichisneededonthissubject,aninterimcodeofethicsispresented,forconsideration,testing,andamendmentbyotherresearchersandusers.Itissuggestedthatsuchacodeincludebroadprinciplesandguidanceonethicalconductinproducingvisualizations,presentingthemtoviewers,andanalysingresponsestothemfromusersasfeedback.
Implicationsforfutureresearchandpracticeareprovided,withanemphasisontheurgentneedforresearcherstomonitorandevaluatetheuseandinfluenceoflandscapevisualizationsinpractice.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Whydoweneedguidancefor“crystalball”gazers?
2.1.Trendsinuseofthe“crystalball”inplanning
2.2.Theargumentforguidanceof“crystalballgazers”
2.2.1.Thepoweroflandscapevisualization
2.2.2.Misuseofvisualization
2.2.3.Currentconstraintsonmisuseofvisualization
2.2.3.1.Visualizationsystemconstraints
2.2.3.2.Policyconstraints
2.2.4.Professionalguidanceandtraining
2.2.4.1.Monitoringandenforcement
2.2.5.Practicalbenefitsofasupportinfrastructureforvisualization
3.Whatshouldasupportinfrastructureforvisualizationinclude?
3.1.Generalprinciplesandaninterimcodeofethics
3.2.Guidelines,standards,andproceduresforpreparationandpresentationofvisualizations
3.3.Professionalsupportnetworksandinstitutions
4.Discussionandconclusions
4.1.Implicationsforfutureresearch
4.2.Implicationsforpractice
4.3.Conclusions
References
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Acomparisonoflandscapeme
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