文献翻译单片机概述.docx
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文献翻译单片机概述.docx
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文献翻译单片机概述
Single-ChipMicrocomputer
Abstract
SCMismoresuitablethanthespecificprocessorusedinembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.InfactthenumberofSCMistheworld'slargestcomputer.Modernhumanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmechanicalproductswillbeintegratedsinglechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamousewitha1-2inboththeDepartmentofSCM.PersonalcomputerwillhavealargenumberofSCMinthework.
KeyWords:
Micro-controller,operatingsystems,on-sitecontrol;logicdevice
SCMisanintegratedcircuitchip,istheuseoflargescaleintegratedcircuittechnologytoadataprocessingcapabilityofCPUCPUrandomaccessmemoryRAM,read-onlymemoryROM,avarietyofI/Oportandinterruptsystem,timers/timerfunctions(whichmayalsoincludedisplaydrivercircuitry,pulsewidthmodulationcircuit,analogmultiplexer,A/Dconvertercircuit)integratedintoasiliconconstituteasmallandcompletecomputersystems.
SCMisalsoknownasmicro-controller(Micro-controller),becauseitisthefirsttobeusedinindustrialcontrol.OnlyasinglechipbytheCPUchipdevelopedfromadedicatedprocessor.ThefirstdesignisbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUonachipinthecomputersystem,smaller,moreeasilyintegratedintoacomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevicewhich.TheZ80INTEListhefirstdesignedinaccordancewiththisideaprocessor,thenonthedevelopmentofmicro-controlleranddedicatedprocessorswillbepartingways.
Are8-bitmicro-controllerearlyor4bits.OneofthemostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliableandgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissystemuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequirementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicro-controller,butnotidealbecausethecosthasnotbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,micro-controllertechnologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,especiallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bitmicro-controllerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusandenterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicro-controllerperformancehavebeentherapidincreasecapacityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Currently,high-end32-bitmicro-controllerclockedover300MHz,theperformancecatchingthemid-90sdedicatedprocessor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollar,themosthigh-end[1]modelonly10dollars.ModernSCMsystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbaremetalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.Thehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endmicro-controllercanevenuseadedicatedWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.
SCMismoresuitablethanthespecificprocessorusedinembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.InfactthenumberofSCMistheworld'slargestcomputer.Modernhumanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmechanicalproductswillbeintegratedsinglechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamousewitha1-2inboththeDepartmentofSCM.PersonalcomputerwillhavealargenumberofSCMinthework.Generalcarwithmorethan40micro-controller,acomplexindustrialcontrolsystemsmayevenhundredsofsinglechipatthesametimework!
SCMisnotonlyfarexceedsthenumberofPCandothercomputingthesum,orevenmorethanthenumberofhumanbeings.
Singlechip,alsoknownassingle-chipmicro-controller,itisnotcompleteacertainlogicchips,buttoacomputersystemintegratedintoachip.Equivalenttoamicro-computer,andcomputerthanjustthelackofamicro-controllerI/Odevices.Generaltalk:
achipbecomesacomputer.Itssmallsize,lightweight,cheap,forthestudy,applicationanddevelopmentoffacilitiesprovided.Atthesametime,learningtousetheMCUistounderstandtheprincipleandstructureofthecomputerthebestoption.
Micro-controllerandthecomputerfunctionsinternallywithsimilarmodules,suchasCPU,memory,parallelbus,thesameeffectthere,andharddiskmemorydevice,isitdifferentpropertiesofthesecomponentsarerelativelyweakmanyofourhomecomputer,butthepriceislow,usuallynotmorethan10yuanyoucandowithit......somecontrolforaclassisnotverycomplicatedelectricalworkisenoughof.Weareusingautomaticdrumwashingmachine,smokehood,VCDandsoonapplianceswhichcouldseeitsshadow!
......Itismainlypartofthecorecomponentsasthecontrol.
Itisanonlinereal-timecontrolcomputer,on-lineison-sitecontrol,needtohavestronganti-interferenceability,lowcost,andthisis,andoff-linecomputer(suchashomePC),themaindifference.Singlechip
MCUisthroughrunning,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somearegreateffortsareverydifficulttoachieve.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard!
ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange!
Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!
Asthemicro-controlleronthecost-sensitive,sonowthedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylanguage,whichisthelowestlevelinadditiontomorethanbinarymachinecodelanguage,andassolowwhyistheuse?
Manyhigh-levellanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogrammingWhyisnotit?
ThereasonissimplythatthereisnohomecomputerasasinglechipCPU,notashardasamassstoragedevice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprogramisonlyonebuttononitthough,willreachtensofKinsize!
ForthehomePC'sharddriveintermsofnothingbutspeakingfortheMCUisnotacceptable.SCMintheutilizationofhardwareresourcestobeveryhighforthejobsoalthoughtheoriginalisstillinthecompilationofalotofuse.Thesametoken,ifthegiantcomputeroperatingsystemandapplicationsrunupgethomePC,homePC,alsobearnotwork.
Canbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethree"power"era,thatis,theageofelectricity,theelectronicageandhasenteredintothecomputerage.However,thiscomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,referredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitorandothercomponents.Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeopledonotknowhow.Thiscomputeristogiveallkindsofmachinery,intelligentsinglechip(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thiscomputersystemtookonlyaminimalintegratedcircuit,canbeasimpleoperationandcontrol.Becauseitissmall,usuallyinthechargedwithpossessionofmechanical"stomach"in.Itisinthedevice,likethehumanbrainplaysarole,itgoeswrong,thewholeplantwasparalyzed.Now,thismicrocontrollerhasbeenverywidelyusedinthefield,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,andhouseholdappliances.OnceallkindsofproductswereusingSCM,canservetoupgradetheeffectivenessofproducts,oftenintheproductnameprecededbytheadjective-"intelligent",suchasintelligentwashingmachines.Nowsometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdeveloperstoengageinoutofcertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplicated,thatfunctionistoosimpleandcaneasilybecopied.Thereasonmaybestuckintheproductdidnotuseamicro-controllerorotherprogrammablelogicdevice.
ABOUTSCM
Itcanbesaidacrossthetwentiethcentury,thethree"electric"era,thatis,electricalera,theelectronicage,andhasnowenteredthecomputerage.However,suchacomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,referredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitoretc..Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeopledonotknowhow.Thiscomputeristosmarttogiveavarietyofmechanicalmicrocontroller(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thiscomputersystemonlyusedthesmallestoneIC,youcanperformsimpleoperationsandcontrol.Becauseofitssmallsize,usuallyhiddeninachargedmechanical"stomach"Lane.Itistheentiredevice,likethehumanbrainplaysarole,itgoeswrong,thewholedevicewasparalyzed.
Now,thisMCUhasaverywidefieldofuse,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,homeappliancesandsoon.Oncethemicrocontrollerwereusingavarietyofproducts,youcanservetoupgradetheeffectivenessoftheproduct,oftenintheproductnameisprecededbytheadjective-"smart",suchaswashingmachinesandsointelligent.Atpresent,sometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdeveloperstoengageinoutofcertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplex,thatis,functionsaretoosimpleandeasytobecopied.Thereasonmaybestuckintheproductwithouttheuseofamicrocontrollerorotherprogrammablelogicdevice.
SCMbasiccomponentisacentralprocessingunit(CPUinthecomputingdeviceandcontroller),read-onlymemory(usuallyexpressedasaROM),read-writememory(alsoknownasRandomAccessMemoryMRAMisusuallyexpressedasaRAM),input/
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