History of French wine.docx
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History of French wine.docx
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HistoryofFrenchwine
HistoryofFrenchwine
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ThemajorwineregionsofFrance.
ThehistoryofFrenchwinespansaperiodofatleast2600yearsdatingtothefoundingofMassaliainthe6thcenturyBCbythePhoenicianswiththepossibilitythatviticultureexistedmuchearlier.TheRomansdidmuchtospreadviticultureacrossthelandtheyknewasGaul,encouragingtheplantingofvinesinareasthatwouldbecomethewellknownwineregionsofBordeaux,Burgundy,Alsace,Champagne,Languedoc,LoireValleyandtheRhone.
Overthecourseofitshistory,theFrenchwineindustrywouldbeinfluencedanddrivenbythecommercialinterestsofthelucrativeEnglishmarketandDutchtraders.PriortotheFrenchRevolution,theCatholicChurchwasoneofFrance'slargestvineyardowners-wieldingconsiderableinfluenceinregionssuchasChampagneandBurgundywheretheconceptofterroirfirsttookroot.Aidedbytheseexternalandinternalinfluences,theFrenchwineindustryhasbeenthepolebearerfortheworldwineindustryformostofitshistorywithmanyofitswinesconsideredthebenchmarkfortheirparticularstyle.Thelate20thandearly21stcenturybroughtconsiderablechange--earmarkedbyachangingglobalmarketandcompetitionfromotherEuropeanwineregionslikeItalyandSpainaswellasemergingNewWorldwineproducerslikeCalifornia,AustraliaandSouthAmerica.[1]
Contents
[hide]
∙1Earlyhistory
∙2FromtheDarkAgesthroughtheAgeofEnlightenment
∙3FromtheRevolutiontoPhylloxera
∙4Tothemodernday
∙5InfluencesontheFrenchwineindustry
o5.1TheEnglish
o5.2TheDutch
o5.3TheChristianChurch
∙6Seealso
∙7References
∙8Workscited
[edit]Earlyhistory
Seealso:
AncientGreeceandwine andAncientRomeandwine
ThereisarchaeologicalevidencetosuggestthattheCeltsfirstcultivatedthegrapevine,Vitisvinifera,inGaul.GrapepipshavebeenfoundthroughoutFrance,pre-datingGreekandRomanculturalinfluences,withsomeexamplesfoundnearLakeGenevabeingover12,000yearsold.[2]Amajorturning-pointinthewinehistoryofGaulcamewiththefoundingofMassaliainthe6thcenturyBCbyGreekimmigrantsfromPhocaeinAsiaMinor.Bythe2ndcenturyBC,Massalia(bythenknownasMassilia)cameunderRomaninfluenceasavitalportonthetraderoutelinkingRometoRomansettlementsatSaguntum(nearwhatisnowmodernValenciainSpain).RomanpresenceandinfluenceinMassiliagrewasthesettlementcameunderattackfromasuccessionofforcesincludingtheLigurians,AllobrogesandArverni.EventuallytheareabecameaRomanprovincefirstknownasProvinciaandlaterGalliaNarbonensis.[1]
RomanruinsinVienne.PlinytheEldernotedthattheAllobrogesinVienneproducedaresinatedwinethatwashighlyregardedbyboththeRomansandthelocals.
TheearlyGreeksettlersbroughtadistinctlyMediterraneanoutlooktoviticultureinGaul.Totheirunderstanding,vinesgrewbestinthesameclimateandareathatwouldsupportoliveandfigtrees,thereforemostoftheearlyvineyardplantingwasinthewarm,Mediterraneancoastalareas.In7BC,theGreekgeographerStrabonotedthattheareasaroundMassiliaandNarbocouldproducethesamefruitsasItalybuttherestofGaulfurthernorthcouldnotsupporttheolive,figorvine.[3]UnderRomanrule,inthecenturyandahalfBC,themajorityofthewineconsumedintheareawasrequiredbylawtobeItalianinorigin,[4]asthedistributionoffragmentsofwineamphoraefoundthroughoutGaulafterabout100BC,especiallyalongthecoastsandrivers,suggests:
someoftheearliestamphorae,fromthe2ndcenturyBC,bearIberianshipper'smarks,indicatingthatdistributionofwinepredatedconquest.[5]Itwasn'ttillthefirstcenturyADthattherewasrecordofGaul'swinebeingofanynoteorrenown.InhisNaturalHistory(bookxiv),PlinytheEldernotedthatintheregionnearVienna(moderndayVienneintheRhonewineregion),theAllobrogesproducedaresinatedwinethatwasheldinesteemandcommandedahighmarketprice.[1]
ItwasalsoduringthelatefirstcenturyBC/earlyfirstcenturyADthatviticulturestartedtospreadtootherareasofGaul—beyondareaswheretheoliveandfigwouldgrow,whereasuitablevarietywasfoundtobethebiturica,theancestorofcabernetvarieties.[4]ThehighdemandforwineandthecostoftransportfromRomeorMassiliawerelikelymotivatorsforthisspread.ArchaeologicalevidencedatingtothereignofAugustussuggeststhatlargenumbersofamphoraewerebeingproducednearBezierintheNarbonensisandintheGaillacregionofSouthwestFrance.Inboththeseareas,thepresenceoftheevergreenholmoak,Quercusilex,whichalsogrowsinthefamiliarMediterraneanclimateservedasabenchmarkindicatinganareawheretheclimatewaswarmenoughtoensureareliableharvesteachyear.[1]
ExpansioncontinuedintothethirdcenturyAD,pushingthebordersofviticulturebeyondtheareasoftheholmoaktoplacessuchasBordeauxinAquitaniaandBurgundy,wherethemoremarginalclimateincludedwet,coldsummersthatmightnotproduceaharvesteachyear.Butevenwiththeriskofanoccasionallostharvest,thecontinuingdemandforwineamongtheRomanandnativeinhabitantsofGaulmadethepropositionofviticulturealucrativeendeavor.Bythe6thcenturyAD,vineswereplantedthroughoutGaulincludingtheLoireValley,theÎle-de-France(ParisBasin)whichincludedtheareasofmoderndayChampagne,aswellasBrittany.[1]
ThedeclineoftheRomanEmpirebroughtsweepingchangestoGaul,astheregionwasinvadedbyGermanictribesfromthenorthincludingtheVisigoths,BurgundiansandtheFranks,noneofwhomwerefamiliarwithwine.TheinvaderssetupkingdomsinAquitaine,BurgundyandÎle-de-France.BythetimethatCharlemagneestablishedhiskingdominthelate8thcentury,powerinFrancewaspolarisedbetweensouthandnorth:
unliketheMediterraneansouth,wheregrapeswereeasytocultivateandwinewasplentiful,themoreviticulturallychallengedregionsofthenorthsawwineasaluxuryitemandasymbolofstatus.TheinfluenceoftheChristianChurch(whichhadbeenlargelypermeatedthroughouttheregionsincethe6thcentury)alsoenhancedtheimageofwineinFranceasitbecameanintegralpartofthesacramentoftheEucharist,[1]thoughthediscoveryofasecond-thirdcenturysilverwinedipperaspartoftemplevotivedepositatPont-de-Leyris[6]remindsusthatwinewasanintegralpartofpaganritesaswell.
[edit]FromtheDarkAgesthroughtheAgeofEnlightenment
InMedievalFrance,thelandownershipsystemofcomplantpromotedtheplantingofuncultivatedlandswithnewvineyards.
DuringtheCarolingianera,anewsystemoflanddevelopmentemergedthatwasintimatelytiedwiththespreadofviticultureinMedievalFrance.Underthissystemofcomplant,afarmercouldapproachalandownerwithuncultivatedlandwithanoffertoplantandtendtotheareaforacontractedamountoftime.Afterthegivenlengthoftime,halfofthefullycultivatedlandwouldrevertbacktofullcontroloftheoriginallandownerwhiletheremaininghalfwouldbecomethefarmer'sundertheconditionthatapercentageor"tithing"ofeachyear'scropwouldbepaidtotheoriginallandowner.Underthissystem,manyareasofFrancewereenthusiasticallyandefficientlyplantedwithlittlecosttothelandowner;suchasthePoitouregionnearLaRochelle.ThemoderndayLoireValleywineofQuartsdeChaumederivesitsnamefromtheuseofthispracticebackinthe15thcenturywhentheAbbeyofRoncerayd'Angersownedalargeportionofuncultivatedland(chaume)whichitcontractedouttogrowersinexchangeforafourth(quart)ofthewineproducedontheland.[1]
IntheMiddleAges,transportationofheavywoodenbarrelsofwineoverlandwasacostlyandriskyproposition.Wineregionsclosetoeasilynavigablerivers,suchastheLoireandGaronne,foundthepossibilityoftradetootherregionsandoutsideofFrancemoreattainableandprofitablewhilemoreisolatedandlandlockedregionslikeBurgundyhadahardertimedevelopingmuchofatrademarketoutsidetheirregion.PortcitieslikeBordeaux,LaRochelleandRouenemergedasformidablecentersofcommercewiththewinesofGascony,HautPays,PoitouandtheÎle-de-France.Duringthisperiod,politicalclimatesandalliancesplayedasubstantialroleinthetradeofFrenchwinestootherEuropeancountries.[1]The1152marriageofEléonoreofAquitainewithHenryPlantagenet,thefutureHenryIIofEngland,wasthebeginningofalongandfruitfulrelationshipbetweenBordeauxandEngland.[7]The1295AuldAlliancebetweenFranceandScotlandagainstEnglandgavetheScotsampleaccesstoFrenchwinesforthemselves.Attheheightofitspower,theDuchyofBurgundyincludedthesouthernpartsoftheNetherlandsandFlanders--introducingtheDutchtothewinesofBurgundy.[1]
PopeClementVwasanativeofBordeauxandownedthevineyardestateinGravesthatistodayknownasChâteauPapeClément.
The1305electionofPopeClementVwasfollowedbythemoveofthepapacyfromRometoAvignon.Duringthistime,thewinesoftheRhoneandBurgundyregionreceivedahigherprofileduetotheirpreferencebytheAvignonesepopes.WhenPetrarchwrotetoPopeUrbanV,pleadingforhisreturntoRome,henotedthatoneobstacletohisrequestwasthatthebestBurgundywinescouldnotbehadsouthoftheAlps.FollowingtheprominenceofBurgundywineduringtheAvignonesepapacy,theValoisDukesofBurgundytookakeeninterestinleveragingtheregion'swinesintopowerandstatus.TheDuchywouldbecomeoneofthemostpowerfulinFranc
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