语言学概论课后练习答案.docx

语言学概论课后练习答案.docx

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语言学概论课后练习答案

ReferenceAnwerstotheExercises

Chapter1LanguageandLinguistics

1.1TheNatureofLanguage，pg3

１.1.1LanguageIsSystematic

Ex3.

a.Thissentenceisgrammatical,butisnonsensical.

b.Thissentenceisungrammaticalandnonsensical.

c.Thisisagoodsentence.

d.Thisisagoodsentence.

1.1.2LanguageIsSymbolic

略

1.1.3Arbitrariness，pg7

Ex1.Accordingtotheconceptofarbitrariness,theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.Thus,thenameXiaoLongisjustalabelfortheson.However,inChineseculturedragonwasthesymbolfortheemperor.Thus,thenamemayhavecertainassociativemeanings.

Ex2.No.Thespeakerofalanguage,basedupontheconventionestablishedinthespeechcommunity,associateslinguisticsignswiththingsandconcepts.Inpeople’smind,“pig”standsforstupidityandlaziness.IfInameitPigHairShampoo,noonewillbuyit.

Ex3.Wordsarearbitraryinform,buttheyarenotrandomintheiruse.Althoughthelinkbetweenformandmeaningisarbitrary,therehasexistedcertainrelationshipbetweenthemintheyearsofuse,whichcanbecalledrules.Theindividualdoesnothavethepowertochangeasigninanywayonceithasbecomeestablishedinthelinguisticcommunity.

1.1.4LanguageIsPrimarilyVocal，pg10

Ex1.Iprefertousethespokenlanguage.Inasupermarket,thespokenlanguageismuchmoreconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachother.Peopledonothavethetimeandnecessitytousewrittenlanguageincommunication.

Ex2.Ithinklisteningandspeakingshouldcomefirst.Theprimarymediumoflanguageissound,andlanguageisprimarilyvocal.What’smore,childrencanlearntolistenandspeakaforeignlanguagemorequicklythantheycanreadandwriteinaforeignlanguage.However,weshouldnotneglectreadingandwriting,astimegoeson.

1.1.5LanguageIsHumanSpecific，pg12

Ex1.No,Idon’tagreetothispointofview.Languageishumanspecific.Althoughdogscanlearnthemeaningofcertainsounds,thenumberofsoundstheycanunderstandisverylimited.Ifwelookatthekindofcommunicationamonghumans,wecannotsayhumansanddogscannotcommunicatewitheachother..

Ex2.Thatisonlytheresultofthestimulus-responsetraining.Throughthiskindoftraining,acatmayunderstandthemeaningofafewsimplesounds,butthenumberisverylimited.

Ex3.Humanlanguageisprimaryoveranimalcommunicationinthefollowingaspects:

Humanshavetheabilitytorefertothingsfarremoteintimeandspace.Incontrast,itmaybeimpossibleforananimaltoconveysuchability.

Humanshavetheabilitytoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofnovelutterances,butnoanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.

Learningismuchmoreimportantasafactorinhumanlanguagethaninanimalcommunication.

Humanlanguagestructureandlanguageusearevastlymorecomplexthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.

Animalcommunicationsystemsareclosed-ended,buthumanlanguagesareopen-ended.

1.1.6LanguageIsUsedforCommunication，pg13

Ex1.Withadvancedtechnology,humanscanusetheproductsofadvancedtechnologyliketelephonesandtheInternettocommunicationmuchmoreeasilyandfreely.Distanceisnolongerabarrier.

Ex2.Theremaybeseveralcauses:

Thespeakercannotexpresshimselforherselfclearly.

Thelistenercannotunderstandwhatthespeakerhassaid.

Thelistenerisunwillingtocommunicatewiththespeaker.

Therearemisunderstandingsbecauseofthedifferentculturalbackgroundofthespeakerandthelistener.

Ex3.Ininterculturalcommunication,wemustpayspecialattentiontothedifferentwaysofthinking,actingandspeakingbetweenspeakerswithdifferentculturalbackgrounds,fordifferencesinthiskindofknowledgemaycausetroubleininterculturalcommunication.

1.2.1GeneralFunctionsofLanguage

略

1.2.2MetafunctionsofLanguage，pg20

Ex1.Generalfunctionsrefertotheparticularindividualusesoflanguagewhilstmetafunctionsrefertothelarger,moregeneralpurposesunderlyinglanguageuse.Ametafunctioniscapableofdescribingoneormoreotherfunctions.

Ex2.No.AccordingtoHalliday,everysentenceinatextismultifunctionalandhasthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:

ideational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.

1.3TheOriginandClassificationofLanguage，略

1.4WhatIsLinguistics?

1.4.1DefinitionofLinguistics，pg28

Ex2.Asascience,linguisticsdemandsascientificoutlookuponlanguage.Toconductastudyoflanguagescientifically,wemusttakeanobjectiveviewoflanguageandalllinguisticphenomenaandreflectonitinadetachedandunbiasedway.Evenalocalvarietywithfewnativespeakersmayalsofallwithinourinvestigations.Moreover,weshouldadoptthegeneralprinciplesofempiricalresearchprocedur