不可译性及其补偿方法.docx
- 文档编号:5700643
- 上传时间:2022-12-31
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:24.75KB
不可译性及其补偿方法.docx
《不可译性及其补偿方法.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《不可译性及其补偿方法.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
不可译性及其补偿方法
不可译性及其补偿方法
【Abstract】ThispaperdiscussestheproblemofuntranslatabilitybetweenChineseandEnglish,includinglinguisticandculturaluntranslatability.EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,andChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.Thephonemicsystem,characterstructureandfigureofspeechareallcompletelydifferent,andmostoftheseinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Thiscauseslinguisticuntranslatability.Differentcountryandregionhavedifferentculturalbackground,suchashistory,religionandsociety,andsoon,thesearenotexistinothercountryandregion.Soitisdifficulttotranslate.Butuntranslatabilityisnotabsolutely,weshouldunderstandtheco-existenceoftranslatabilityanduntranslatability.Baseontheunderstanding,wecanusesomemethodtocompensateinordertolessthebarrierintranslationandpromoteslanguageandculturecommunication.
【Keywords】untranslatability;linguisticuntranslatability;culturaluntranslatability;methodofcompensation
【摘要】本文讨论汉英翻译中的不可译性问题,包括语言不可译性和文化不可译性。
英语属于印欧语系,而汉语属于汉藏语系,其语音系统,文字结构和修辞方法都完全不同,这些绝大多数都无法在另一语言中找到对等语,这便造成了语言的不可译性。
不同的国家和地区有着不同的历史、宗教、社会等文化背景,这些在别的国家和地区都是不存在的,所以给翻译造成了困难。
但不可乙性并非绝对的,我们必须在理解可译性与不可译性是共同存在的,在此理解的基础上,我们可以采用补偿方法,目的在于对不可译性进行一定程度的补偿,尽量减少翻译障碍,促进语言与文化交流。
【关键词】不可译性;语言不可译性;文化不可译性;补偿方法
1.Introduction
Untranslatabilityisapropertyofatext,orofanyutteranceinonelanguage,forwhichnoequivalenttextorutterancecanbefoundinanotherlanguage.
“,acelebratedtranslationscholaroflinguisticsschool,raisedtheissueofuntranslatabilityin arguesthatthelinguisticuntranslatabilityisduetothedifferencesinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage,whereascultureuntranslatabilityisduetotheabsenceinthetargetlanguageofrelevantsituationalfeatures.”[1]
“Nidapresentsarichsourceofinformationabouttheproblemofloseintranslation,inparticularaboutthedifficultiesencounteredbythetranslatorwhenfacingwithtermsorconceptsinthesourcelanguagethatdonotexitinthetargetlanguage.”
“PeterNewmarkhasoncebrieflytalkedaboutthedeviationintranslation.”
InChinatoday,manytranslationexpertsandscholarshavealsodiscussedtheproblemtosomeextentintheirpapers.
Theproblemofuntranslatabilityisalwaysadisputedissue.Nowadays,itiswellacceptedthattranslationisapossibleandfeasibletask.However,therearestillsomelanguagepointsthataredifficulttotranslate,whichiscalledthephenomenonofuntranslatability.
Linguisticandculturaldifferences,thetwocategoriesofuntranslatabilityphenomenonarecausedbydifferentfactors.Theseresultingfromthelinguisticdifferenceswillhardlychangewhilethoseresultingfromculturaldifferencesmaybecometranslatableinthefuturebyusingthemethodsofcompensationandtheskilloftranslators.
2.Linguisticuntranslatability
ProfessorLiuMiqingwroteinhisModernTranslationTheoriesthat“Thestructureoflanguagecommonlyshowsthecharacteristicsofthelanguage,thesecharacteristicsonlycanbefoundinrelativelanguage,thesimilartransferisdifficulttofindinnon-relativelanguage,foritneedtochangethecodecompletely.”P107Viewfromtheetymology,EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguage,butChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguage,sothereexitthelinguisticuntranslatability,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:
phonology,character,figureofspeech,andsoon.
Untranslatabilityinphonology
Anylanguagehasitsownspecialphonemicsystem,whichcannotbereplacedbyotherlanguage.TherearelargedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andmostofthepronunciationsinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Therefore,theycannotbetranslatedintothetargetlanguage.Forexample:
(1)“石诗士施氏,嗜狮,誓食十狮……”
Theauthorwrotethewholepassageinhomophonewords.Thisisatypicalexampleofuntranslatabilitycausedbyphonemicsystem.Seeanotherexample:
(2)“Cat,cat,cat,catchthefatratfast.”
Iftranslateitinto:
“猫,猫,猫,快抓住那只肥老鼠”thatwilllosethephonemiceffect,anditonlytranslatesthemeaning.
Untranslatabilityincharacterstructure
Chinesewordsconsistofcharactersthathavetheirmeaning,butEnglishwordsconsistofalphabetsthataremeaningless.Theyarecompletelydifferentinwriting.Chinesehasawritingskillofdescribingcharacters,forexample:
(3)“人曾为僧,人弗可以成佛,女卑为婢,女又何妨成奴”,“鸿是江边鸟,蚕是天下虫”,“琴瑟琵琶八大王,王王在上,魑魅魍魉四小鬼,鬼鬼靠边”。
TheyareallusingthespecialfeatureofChinesecharacters,todescribethecharacterstructureinpoetry,alsohavingtheirmeaning.ButEnglishhasnosuchstructuresinalphabeticalsystem,sotheyareabsolutelyuntranslatable.
SomeriddlesthatarerelativetothestructureofcharactersorEnglishwordsarealsountranslatable,forexample:
(4)“田头长草”,“Whatmakesaroadbroad?
”(TheletterB).Ifthelatterriddleistranslatedinto:
“什么使道路变宽?
”Everybodywillfellridiculous,andnoonecanunderstandthat.
Untranslatabilityinfigureofspeech
Mostofthelanguageshavetheirownfiguresofspeech.Justbecauseoftheexistenceoffigureofspeech,thelanguagesbecomevividandinteresting.Intranslationpractice,ifthetargetlanguagecannotshowthefigureofspeechinsourcelanguagecorrectly,itisnotfaithfultothecontent,thoughtandstyleofthesourcelanguage.Althoughthemeaningsaresimilar,itwilllessthelanguageinfluenceofthesourcetext.ThepeoplewhospeakChineseandthepeoplewhospeakEnglishhavelargedifferencesinthewayofthinkingandaesthetic,sowhentheyexpressthesameconcept,theyoftenusedifferentfigureofspeech.ThesecausedtheuntranslatabilityinChinese-Englishtranslation.Ithasthefollowingmainaspects:
Puns
Punmeanshumoroususeofawordthathastwomeaningsorofdifferentwordsthatsoundthesame.Punspackseveralmeaningsintooneword,anditisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherlanguagewillpackintothesamesetofmeanings,soitisdifficulttotranslateintothetargetlanguage.Exampleone:
(5)“杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声,东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴”
Here“晴”isapun,anditalsomeans“情”,ZhangQichuntranslateitinto“Thewillowsaregreen,green,theriverisserene.Thenceishissongraftedtome.Intheeastthesunisrising,inthewesttherainisfalling.Canyouseeifit’sfairorfoul?
”Inthistranslation,thetranslatordidverywell,especiallyin“green,serene,fairorfoul”,buthecannottranslatethepuncompletely.
Exampletwo:
(6)“Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrowntoafairpraise,andtoolittleforagreatpraise.”
The“low”and“fair”areallpunsinthissentence.“Low”meansshortinheightandlowsocialstatus.“Fair”meanspaleskin,lightincolorandjustice.ThereisnowordorphraseinChinesehavingthetwomeaningstogether,sothetranslatorcannottranslatethetwomeaningsintoChinese,onlyadaptedonemeaning,andwilllosetheothermeaning.
Palindrome
“Thefigureofspeechofpalindromemeansaword,verseorsentencethatreadthesamewhenthecharactersorletterscomposingitaretakenthereverseorder.”P174TherearemanypalindromewordsinEnglish,suchas“Anna,dad,bob.”Englishpalindromeisbasedonletters,thelettershavenomeaning,anditreadsthesamewhentheorderisreversed.Forexample:
(7)“WasitacatIsaw?
”
(8)“AblewasIereIsawElba!
”
(9)“Madam,I’mAdam”
Iftheyaretranslatedinto“我看到的是猫吗?
”,“在我看到俄尔巴岛之前还没有倒!
”,“夫人,我是亚当。
”,theeffectarealllostwithoutanypalindrome,soitisalmostuntranslatable.
ThepalindromeinChineseisuntranslatableaswell,forexample:
(10)“客上天然居,居然天上客。
”
(11)“雾锁江心江锁雾,天连海角海连天。
”
Alliteration
Alliterationisusingthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningofthetwoormorewordsinsuccession.ItisacommonfigureofspeechinEnglish,especiallyinproverb,advertisement,novelandsoon.,andmostofthealliterationare Forexample:
(12)Tomanyparents,thethreeGs,gays,guys,andgangshavereplacedthethreeRsasbenchmarkofschoollife.
对于许多父母来说,同性恋,枪支,帮派这三个词已经代替了读,写,算作为学校的基本尺度。
Inthistranslation,thethreeGs,gays,guys,gangsarealliteration,whichemphasizetheseriousproblemsofthegays,guysandgangs,butaftertranslatingthemintoChinese,wecannotseethiseffect.
Malapropism
“MalapropismcomesfromRichardSheridam’scomedyTheRivals,ahonoredladynameMalaprop,whooftenspeakswrongwordsorpronunciation.Malapropismisafigureofspeechusingwrongwordswithsimilarpronunciationtensionorintensiontoreachthehumorseffect.”P75Malapropismbringsdifficultiesintranslation.Forexample:
(13)“我推开澳门,看到地上铺的是巴基斯坦,桌上摆的是刚果……”
Thisisasentencefromcrosstalk,Chinesepeopleknowthehumorsnaturally,butifitistranslateditinto:
“Pushingopenthe‘Macau’,Isaw‘Pakistan’pavedonthefloorand‘Congo’onthetable.Englishreaderscannotacceptthat,for‘Macau’isnotadoor,‘Pakistan’isnotablanket,and‘Congo’isnotfruiteither.MostoftheyoungergenerationinChinahaveheardthishumoroussentence:
“我手持郑伊健,脚踏温兆轮,翻过赵本山,穿过关芝林,跨过潘长江,来到周星池……”Itisuntranslatabletoo.
3.Culturaluntranslatability
“Accordingto Catford,instanceofuntranslatabilitycanarisefromtwosources:
oneislinguistic,andtheotherisculture.”P25
Nidaalsomentionsthatwordshavemeaningonlyintermsofthetotalculturalsetting.
Andwhatisculture,EdwardTylorgavethedefinitiontheearliestinhisthePrimitiveCulture:
“Cultureorcivilizationtakeninitswideanthro-graphicsenseisthatcompletewholewhichincludeknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,law,customandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbyamenasamemberofsociety.”P478
PeterNewmarkwroteinhisATextbookofTranslation:
“Idefinethecultureasthewayofl
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 不可 及其 补偿 方法