必修i 化学反应及离子反应Required I chemical reactions and ion reactions.docx
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必修i 化学反应及离子反应Required I chemical reactions and ion reactions.docx
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必修i化学反应及离子反应RequiredIchemicalreactionsandionreactions
必修i化学反应及离子反应(RequiredIchemicalreactionsandionreactions)
RequiredIchemicalreactionsandionreactions
Equationaggregation
WrittenbyShaw
Thereactionofsodiumanditscompounds
1.Thesodiumblockdarkensintheair
4NaO2=2Na2O
Sodiumburnsintheair(yellowflame)
2NaO2litNa2O2
Na2Oheatsup(yellow)intheair
2Na2OO2=2Na2O2
2.Sodiumreactswithwater
(floating,melting,swimming,ringing,red)
2Na2H2O==2NaOHH2
2Na2H2O==2Na2OHH2
Reactionofsodiumwithcoppersulfatesolution:
2Na2H2O+CuSO4=Cu(OH):
2+H2=+Na2SO4
Thereactionofsodiumwithferricchloridesolution:
6Na6H2O+2FeCl3=2Fe(OH)3:
3H2=+6NaCl
3,thereactionbetweensodiumperoxideandwater
2Na2O22H2O==4NaOHO2
2Na2O22H2O==4Na4OHO2
(exothermicreaction,Na2O2isastrongoxidant,usedinbleaching)
ReactionsofalkalineoxideNa2Owithwater
Na2OH2O=2NaOH
4,canbeusedinsodiumperoxidemasksandsubmarinesasoxygensource,thereasonis:
2Na2O22CO2=2Na2CO3O2
5,soda(sodaash)reactswithhydrochloricacid
Sodiumchloridesolutioninhydrochloricacid
Na2CO32HCl==2NaClH2OCO2
CO322H==H2OCO2
Addinghydrochloricacidtoexcessinsodasolution
Na2CO3HCl=NaHCO3NaCl
CO32H=HCO3
NaHCO3HCl==NaClH2OCO2
HCO3H==H2OCO2
6,bakingsodadecomposition
2NaHCO3Na2CO3H2OCO2heatingup
7.Themixtureofsolidsodiumhydroxideandsodiumbicarbonateisheatedinanairtightcontainer
NaHCO3NaOHheatingNa2CO3H2O
HCO3OH=H2OCO32(ifthesolutionreactionionequation)
8,NaHCO3reactedwithCa(OH)2:
IonreactionequationofNaHCO3deficiency:
HCO3OH+Ca2+=H2OCaCO3down
NaHCO3excessiveionreactionequation
2HCO32OH+Ca2+=2H2OCaCO3:
+CO32
9.Reactionofcalciumchloridewithsodiumcarbonatesolution:
CO32+Ca2+:
=CaCO3
10.Lithiummetalburnsintheair
4LiO2heating2Li2O
11.Ionizationequationofsodiumcarbonate
Na2CO3=2Na++CO32-
Two.Reactionofmagnesium,aluminiumandtheircompounds
1.aluminumfoilburnsviolentlyinoxygen
4Al3O2lit2Al2O3
2.aluminumplatereactswithdilutehydrochloricacid
2Al6HCl==2AlCl33H2
2Al6H==2Al33H2
3.aluminumreactswithsodiumhydroxidesolution
2Al2NaOH2H2O==2NaAlO23H2
2Al2OH2H2O==2AlO23H2
Thereactionof4.aluminumandferricoxideunderhightemperature(thermitereaction)
2AlFe2O3hightemperature2FeAl2O3
5.aluminadissolvedinhydrochloricacidsolution
Al2O36HCl2AlCl33H2O
Al2O36H+=2Al+3H2O
Aluminumoxidedissolvesinsodiumhydroxidesolution
Al2O32NaOH2NaAlO2H2O
Al2O32OH=2AlO2H2O
6.excessiveammoniawaterinaluminiumsulfatesolution
Al2(SO4)36NH3?
H2O=2Al(OH)3+3(NH4):
2SO4
Al33NH3?
H2O=Al(OH)3:
3NH4
Aluminumsaltsreactwithexcessstrongbases
Al3++4OH-,=AlO2-+2H2O
7.hydrochloricacidinaluminiumhydroxidesolution
Al(OH)33HCl=AlCl33H2O
Al(OH)33H=Al33H2O
Al(OH)3reactswithNaOHsolution
Al(OH)3NaOHNaAlO22H2O
Al(OH)3OHAlO22=H2O
8.Thereactionofbariumhydroxidewithalumsolution
Theionreactionofthealuminumion
3Ba2++3SO42-+2Al3++6OH-=3BaSO4:
+2Al(OH):
3
Ionreactionsthatcompletelyprecipitatesulfateions
2Ba2++2SO42-+Al3++4OH-=2BaSO4:
+AlO2-+2H2O
9,aluminumhydroxideheatingdecomposition
2Al(OH)3Al2O33H2O
10,thereactionofcarbondioxidewithsodiummetaaluminate
Asmallamountofcarbondioxide:
2NaAlO23H2O+CO2=2Al(OH)3:
+Na2CO3
2AlO2-3H2O+CO2=2Al(OH)3:
+CO32-
CO2adequateresponse:
NaAlO2+2H2O+CO2=Al(OH)3:
+NaHCO3
AlO2-2H2O+CO2=Al(OH)3:
+HCO3-
11.magnesiumburnsinair:
Magnesiumreactswithoxygenintheair:
2MgO2lit2MgO
Reactionofmagnesiumwithcarbondioxideinair:
2MgCO2lit2MgOC
Reactionofmagnesiumwithnitrogeninair:
3MgN2litMg3N2
Reactionof12.magnesiumwithhydrochloricacid:
Mg2HCl==MgCl2H2
Mg2H==Mg2H2
Three.Reactionofiron,copperandtheircompounds
1.Heatingreactionofironandsulfur
FeSheatingFeS
Ironheatsupwithoxygen
3Fe2O2heatingFe3O4
Ironheatsupinchlorinegas
2Fe3Cl2heating2FeCl3
2.ironreactswithwaterathightemperature
3Fe4H2O(g)hightemperatureFe3O44H2
3.ironreactswithhydrochloricacid
Fe2HCl==FeCl2H2
Fe2H==Fe2H2
4.ironreactswithcoppersulphatesolution
Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cu
Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu
5.,ferrousoxidedissolvedinhydrochloricacid
FeO2HCl=FeCl2H2O
FeO2H=Fe2H2O
Ironoxidedissolvesinhydrochloricacid
Fe2O36HCl=2FeCl33H2O
Fe2O36H=2Fe33H2O
Magnetiteisdissolvedinhydrochloricacid
Fe3O48HCl=2FeCl3FeCl2+4H2O
Fe3O48H2Fe3Fe2++=4H2O
6.ferricchlorideisdrippedintosodiumhydroxidesolution(reddishbrownprecipitate)
FeCl33NaOH=Fe(OH)3:
3NaCl
Fe33OH=Fe(OH):
3
7.ferroushydroxideareoxidizedinair
(whiteprecipitaterapidlyturnsgreygreenandturnsintoreddishbrownsediment)
4Fe(OH)2O22H2O=4Fe(OH)3
Chlorinein8.ferrouschloridesolution
2FeCl2Cl2=2FeCl3
2Fe2Cl2=2Fe32Cl
9.ironchloridesolutionwasaddedwithironpowder
2FeCl3Fe=3FeCl2
2Fe3Fe=3Fe2
10.theexistenceofionicequationbyKSCNtest
Fe3+3SCN=Fe(SCN)3
Thereactionofaddingcopperin11.ferricchloridesolution
2FeCl3Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2
2Fe3Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+
12.thermaldecompositionofferrichydroxide
2Fe(OH)3Fe2O33H2Oheating
13.ferroussulfatereactswithsodiumhydroxidesolution
FeSO42NaOH=Fe(OH)2:
Na2SO4
Fe22OH=Fe(OH):
2
Four.Reactionsofcarbon,siliconandtheircompounds
1,SiandF2reaction
Si+2F2=SiF4
2,SiandHFreaction:
Si+4HFheatingSiF4+2H2
Ionreactionsof3,SiandNaOHsolutions:
Na2SiO3+2H2=Si+2NaOH+H2Oheating
Si+2OH-SiO32-+2H2=+H2Oheating
4,SiO2andHFreaction:
SiO24HF=SiF4=2H2O
5,SiO2andCaOreaction:
SiO2CaOhightemperatureCaSiO3
6.Reactionofsilicondioxidewithsodiumhydroxide
SiO22NaOH=Na2SiO3H2O
SiO22OH=SiO32H2O
7.ReactionofsodiumsilicatewithHCl:
Na2SiO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2SiO3:
SiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3:
8,theheatingdecompositionofsilicicacid:
H2SiO3heatingSiO2+H2O
9.Industrialsilicondioxide(carbondioxidereductionathightemperature)
SiO22ChightemperatureSi2COhav'e
10,frompuresilicontopuresilicon(commonlyusedmethod)
Si(coarse)+2Cl2heatingSiCl4
SiCl4+2H2hightemperatureSi(pure)+4HCl
Five.Reactionsofchlorineanditscompounds
1,thenatureofchlorine
Copperwiresburnviolentlyinchlorinegas(brownsmoke)
CuCl2litCuCl2
Afteraddingwater,youcangetabluesolution(dilute)bygreensolution(concentrated)
2andNaburnviolentlyinchlorinegas(brownsmoke)
2NaCl2lit2NaCl
3.Ironburnsvigorouslyinchlorinegas
2Fe3Cl2lit3FeCl3(brownsmoke)
4.Hydrogenburnsinchlorinegas(palewhiteflame)
H2Cl2lit2HCl
Fluorinegasreactwithhydrogen(itexplodesinthedark)
H2F2=2HF
5,chlorinedissolvedinwater
Cl2H2O=HClHClO
Cl2H2O=HClHClO
Thenewsystemofparticlescontainingchlorine:
(H+,Cl-,oh-,Cl2,HClO,ClO,H2O)
6,seethephotolysisofperchloricacid(strongoxidizer,sterilization,bleach)
2HClOlight2HClO2hav'e
7.Theprincipleofindustrialbleachingpowderandthefailureofbleachingpowder
2Ca(OH)=Ca(ClO)2CaCl22H2O22Cl2
2Ca(OH)22Cl2=2Ca22ClO2Cl2H2O
Ca(ClO)2CO2H2O=CaCO3:
2HClO
Ca22ClOCO2H2O=CaCO3:
2HclO
Ca(CLO)2+2co2+2h2o=ca(HCO3)2+2hclo
Ca2++2clo-+2co2+2h2o=2hco3-+2hclo
8、工业制漂白液的原理
2naoh+Cl2=naclo+nacl+h2o
2OH-+cl2=clo-+cl-+2h2o
9、氯气的实验室制法:
(仪器:
分液漏斗,圆底烧瓶)
MnO2+4hcl(浓)加热mncl2+cl2↑+2h2o
+4h++2cl-加热mn2++cl2↑+2h2oMnO2
10、新制氯水注入盛nabr溶液的试管中
Cl2+2nabr=Br2+2nacl
Cl2+2br-=Br2+2cl-
新制氯水注入盛fecl2溶液的试管中
+2fecl2=2fecl3Cl2
新制氯水注入盛nai溶液的试管中
+2nai=2nacl+i2Cl2
11、氯气与二氧化硫同时通入水中
Cl2+so2+2h2o=h2so4+2hcl
六、硫及其化合物的反应
1、硫粉与氧气的反应:
在空气中燃烧产生淡蓝色火焰,在纯氧中产生蓝紫色火焰
S+O2点燃SO2
2、硫与金属的反应:
Fe+s加热FES
2Cu+s加热Cu2S
2Na+s研磨Na2S(剧烈反应并发生爆炸)
3、二氧化硫相关反应:
SO2+Cao=CaSO3
SO2+Na2O=Na2SO3
SO2+H2O+2naoh=Na2SO3
SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O
SO2+CaCl2+H2O=2HCl+H2SO4
SO2+CaCl2+H2O=4++SO42-+2Cl-
2h2sSO2+H2O=3s↓+
SO2+H2O可逆符号H2SO3
2so2+O2可逆符号上催化剂下加热2so3
4、三氧化硫的相关反应:
SO3+Cao=CaSO4
SO3+Na2O=Na2SO4
2naohSO3+Na2SO4+H2O=
SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2O
SO3+H2O=H2SO4
5、铜与浓硫酸反应:
Cu+2h2so4(浓)加热CuSO4+2h2o+so2:
6、碳与浓硫酸反应:
C+2h2so4(浓)加热2h2o+co2↑+2so2↑
7、硫酸根离子的检验
8、硫酸的电离方程式
七、氮及其化合物的反应
1、氮气和氢气反应(工业合成氨)
N2+3h2可逆符号上催化剂下高温高压2nh3
2、氮气和氧气放电下反应(雷雨发庄稼)
N2+o2放电2No
2No+O2=2no2
二氧化氮溶于水
3no2+H2O=2hno3+in
3no2+H2O=2h++2no3-+no
3、hno3与cu的反应
①cu与浓hno3
Cu+4hno3=Cu(NO3)2+2no2↑+2h2o
Cu+4h++2no3-=cu2++2no2↑+2h2o
②cu与稀hno3反应
3cu+8hno3=3cu(NO3)2+2no↑+4h2o
3cu+8h++2no3-=3cu2++2no↑+4h2o
4、hno3与fe的反应
Al、fe遇浓hno3、浓硫酸钝化(常温)
①fe与浓hno3加热
Fe+6hno3加热Fe(NO3)3+3no2↑+3h2o
②fe与稀hno3反应
Fe+4hno3=fe(NO3)3+no↑+2h2o
3fe+8hno3=3fe(NO3)2+2no↑+4h2o(铁粉过量)
5、c与浓hno3加热
C+4hno3(浓)加热co2↑+4no2↑+2h2o
6、s与浓hno3加热
S+6hno3(浓)加热h2so4+6no2↑+4h2o
7、no2、o2的混合气通入水中无剩余气体
4no2+o2+2h2o=4hno3
8、no、o2的混合气通入水中无剩余气体
4no+3o2+2h2o=4hno3
9.碳酸氢铵受热分解
NH4HCO3加热NH3↑+h2o↑+co2↑
10.氯化铵受热分解
加热NH3NH4Cl↑+hcl↑
11、用浓盐酸检验氨气(白烟生成)
+NH3NH4Cl=HCl.
12、硫酸铵溶液与氢氧化钠溶液混合加
(NH4)2SO4+2naoh加热2nh3↑+na2so4+2h2o
Nh4++oh-加热NH3H2O↑+
13、硝酸铵溶液与氢氧化钠溶液混合(不加热)
NH4NO3+NaOH=NH3?
H2O+NaNO3
Nh4++oh-=NH3?
H2O
14、氨水显碱性:
NH3+H2O可逆符号NH3?
H2O可逆符号nh4++oh-
氨水受热分解:
NH3?
H2O加热nh3↑+H2O
15、实验室制氨常用加热铵盐和碱的混合物:
2nh4cl+ca(OH)22nh3↑+cacl2+2h2o
16、氨的催化氧化
4nh3+5o2催化剂加热4no+6h2o
17,ammoniareactswithchlorinegas
Chlorineexcess:
2NH33Cl2=N26HCl
Ammoniaexcess:
8NH33Cl2=N26NH4Cl(testforchlorinegaspipelineleaks)
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