浙江工商大学257英语二外考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题.docx
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浙江工商大学257英语二外考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题.docx
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浙江工商大学257英语二外考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题
浙江工商大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试试卷(B)卷
考试科目:
257英语(二外)总分:
100分考试时间:
3小时
PartI.ReadingComprehension(每小题1.5分,共45分)
Directions:
Thereare6passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.For
eachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Youshoulddecideonthebest
choiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
Passage1
TheJapanofoldwasknownasthecountryof“lifetimeemployment”,asomewhatexaggeratedbutstillimportantnotionthatinreturnforloyaltyandflexibilitybigemployerstypicallyofferedalifetimecommitmenttotheirworkers,withassociatedcompanyunions,generousfringebenefits(附加福利)andpayrisingaccordingtoageandseniority.Thatalsomadeforafairlyequalsociety.Shocktherapywouldhaveshatteredthelifetimenotion,producingabigriseinunemployment.Soitneverhappened:
mostbigcompanieschosetomaintaintheircommitment,askingworkerstotakepaycutsandwaivebonusesratherthanlosetheirjobs,butceasedtohirenewgraduates.Lessthanhalfasmanynewgraduateswerehiredin2003asin1997.
Butalso,helpedbychangestoemploymentlaw,firmsfoundflexibilityinanotherway:
byhiringpart-timersandothersontemporarycontracts,bothatfarlowercostthanforregularworkers.In1990such“non-regular”workersmadeup18.8%ofthelabourforce.Earlierthisyear,thatfigurereached30%,whichinJapan’s65m-stronglabourforcemeansroughly20mpeople.Thoseworkersarepredominantlywomen,theyoungandthefairlylow-skilled.Since2003,thelawhasallowedcontractstobecountedastemporary,andthuscheap,foruptothreeyears.Theuseofcontractworkersremainsforbiddeninsomesectorsthatemploylotsofpeople,includinghealthcareandconstruction,buthasgraduallybecomepermittedalmosteverywhereelse.Canon,forexample,asuccessfulelectronicsfirmthatstillfirmlymaintainsalifetimecommitmentforits“core”workers,employsfully70%ofitsJapanesefactorystaffonsuch“non-regular”terms,upfrom50%fiveyearsagoand10%adecadeago,accordingtoFujioMitarai,Canon'spresident.
Thisnewlabourflexibilityhascontributedtoaboomincompanyprofitsandtothepayingdownofdebt.In1998workers'payequalledabout73%ofcorporateearnings.By2004theproportionhaddroppedto64%.Otherfactorshelpedtoo,mostnotablyabigriseinexportstoChinain2002-04,whichrevivedmanufacturersofallkinds,whethermetal-bashersorprecisionengineers,andaseriesofbanknationalizationsandmergers(合并)in1998-2004duringwhichbadloansworthtrillionsofyencamegoodorwerewrittenoff.
Asaresult,thegiganticpileofdudcorporatedebtforwhichJapanbecamenotoriousinthelate1990sisnowalotsmaller:
fromapeakofmorethan¥43trillionin2001,non-performingloansheldbybankshavemorethanhalvedtolessthan¥20trillion.Thenumberisnowalsothoughttobemoreorlessaccurate,whereasuntil2001orsoofficialfiguresfornon-performingloanswereappallinglyanddeliberatelyunderestimated.
1.IntheJapan,bigcompaniesofferedlife-timeemploymentsothat_______.
A)everyonecanenjoyastablejobinthecompanies
B)everyonecangetequalopportunitiesindailylife
C)
companieswillneverbetroubledbylaborshortage
D)theworkersaredevotedtothecompanieswhilethelattergetsflexibility
2.Byemployingcontractworkers,Japanesecompanies________.
A)reducedlaborcostandincreasedflexibility
B)havegivenuptheprivilegeoflife-timeemployment
C)newgraduatesbegantoenterthecoreoflaborforce
D)workersinallfieldsfelttheemploymentpressure
3.WhichofthefollowingisnotresponsibleforthechangeinlaborcostinJapanesecompanies?
A)ThegreatincreaseinexportstoChina
B)Aseriesofbanknationalizationandmergers
C)Thetraditionalconceptoflife-timeemployment
D)Theincreasingemploymentofcontractworkers
4.Wemayconcludethatthelife-timeemploymentpolicy_______.
A)isstillcontributingtoaboomincompanyprofits
B)shouldbeabolishedbyJapanesecompanies
C)willnevercarriedoutinsomesectorsinJapan
D)mayalsohaveitsdisadvantages
5.Theterm“shocktherapy”inthefirstparagraphimplies_______.
A)givingupthepolicyoflife-timeemploymentonceandforall
B)dismisssomeincompetentworkersincompaniesimmediately
C)persuadingworkerstoacceptpaycutsandworkovertime
D)employingmorecontractworkersstepbystep
Passage2
GoingonlineisafavoritepastimeformillionsofAmericanchildren.Almost10million(14percent)ofAmerica’s69millionchildrenareonline.TheInternetbothentertainsandeducateschildren,however,therearesomepossiblenegativeconsequencesforchildrenwhoaccesskid-basedWebsites.Advertisingonkid-basedWebsiteshasbecomebotharapidlygrowingmarketforconsumercompaniesandaconcernforparents.Withaclickonanicon,childrencanlinktoadvertisersandbegrantedtremendousspendingpower.Childrenareanimportanttargetgroupforconsumercompanies.Childrenunderage12spent$14billion,teenagersanother$67billion,andtogethertheyinfluenced$160billionoftheirparents’incomes.
ManycriticsquestiontheappropriatenessoftargetingchildreninInternetadvertisingandrequirethatchildrenbetreatedasa“specialcase”byadvertisers.Becausechildrenlacktheanalyticalabilitiesandjudgmentofadults,theymaybeunabletoevaluatetheaccuracyofinformationtheyview,orunderstandthattheinformationtheyprovidetoadvertisersisreallyjustdatacollectedbyanadvertiser.Childrengenerallylacktheabilitytogiveconsenttothereleaseofpersonalinformationtoanadvertiser,anevengreaterproblemforchildrenwhentheyareofferedincentivesforprovidingpersonalinformation,orwhenpersonalinformationisrequiredbeforetheyareallowedtoregisterforvariousservices.Childrenmaynotrealizethatinmanycasesthesecharactersprovidehotlinksdirectlytoadvertisingsites.
TheInternetdoespresentsomechallengesforadvertiserswhowanttobeethicalintheirmarketingpractices.Manyadvertisersarguethatweunderestimatethelevelsofmediaawarenessshownbychildren.Bytheageofsevenoreightmostchildrencanrecognizeanadvertisementandknowthatitspurposeistosellsomethingandareabletomakejudgmentsabouttheproductsshowninadvertisements.
However,thissomewhatoptimisticanddecidedlylibertarianviewofchildrenrunsagroundwhenwerealizethattheyare(likeasurprisingnumberofadults)unabletojudgeaccuratelybetweenentertainmentandadvertising.Adultscanfendforthemselvesbut,asmarketers,weshouldbeexplicitaboutourpurposewhenadvertisingtochildrenontheInternet.
6.Advertisingonkid-basedWebsiteshasbecomeaconcernforparentsbecause______.
A)itstimulateschildren’sdesire
B)childrenarelikelytobemisledbyit
C)muchoftheinformationisunhealthy
D)itincreasestheburdenofparents
7.TargetingchildreninInternetadvertisingisthoughttobeimpropersince_______.
A)theyarenotoldenoughtojudgetheinformationoftheads
B)theycannotunderstandtheadultworld
C)theycan’tprovidetherightpersonalinformation
D)theyareaspecialgroupinthesociety
8.Manyadvertisersdefendthetargetingofchildrenonthegroundthat________.
A)itisuptoparentstomonitortheirchildren
B)childrenunderstandwhatanadvertisementistryingtodo
C)childrenareprovidedagameinreturnfortheinformation
D)noactualsalestakeplace
9.ChildrenfindthemselvesunabletoresistgivingpersonalinformationontheInternetprobablybecause_______.
A)theydonotknowtheinformationwillbereadbysomeone
B)adsarepresentedinconnectionwithentertainment
C)theyfeeltheymustfollowanadult'sorders
D)duetotheirinabilitytodistinguishanadvertisementfromanon-advertisement
10.Inthetexttheauthorwantsmarketerstounderstandthat_________
A)advertisingtochildrenmuststop
B)alibertarianviewinadvertisingisunethical
C)advertisingtochildrenmusthaveaclearpurpose
D)childrenmustbetreateddifferentlywhenadvertising
Passage3
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid---thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexceptI’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.“Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,”ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy.”Theownersays,“It’sbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:
“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?
”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessageintermsofwhomsaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.
Thepersonmakingthemessageinfluencesthemeaningsassociatedwithit.Ifaparentsays,“Iseeyou’rereadingTheJoyofSex,”itmaymean,“Idon’tapproveofyoureadingthisbook.Don’tletmeseeyouwithitagain.”Butifafriendsaysthesamething,itmaysuggest,“IwishIhadacopy.CanIhaveitwhenyou’
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