考研必备语法精要速览.docx
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考研必备语法精要速览.docx
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考研必备语法精要速览
考研必备语法精要速览
一、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点:
1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时,同样不用于完成进行时:
(1)表示感知的动词:
hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell;
(2)表示意愿、情感的动词:
desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate;
(3)表示思考、看法的动词:
believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose;
(4)表示所有、占有的动词:
belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳);
(5)其他动词:
cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve(应受、应得、值得),matter,seem。
如:
I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.
(1997年考研题,belong表示归属,不用于进行式)
Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.
(1990年考研题,see表示结果,不用于进行式)
2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式:
(1)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图;
(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作;
(3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事,如:
Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.
(4)beaboutto(do)表示将要(做),如:
Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.
(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“马上就要”,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用;
(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件,如:
Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.
(画线部分一般不用willbe)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如:
Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。
(宾语从句)
I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。
(宾语从句)
比较:
I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状语从句)
(8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:
Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.
(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)
3.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:
(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。
如:
Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.
Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.
(表示1919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。
如:
BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如:
Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.
ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.
(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。
如:
Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.
(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中,主句常用过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语:
allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。
4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。
如:
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.
时态、语态答题思路:
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)做形式主语的代词:
不定式做主语,通常用it充当形式主语,把做主语的不定式短语后置。
如:
Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.
Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.
(2)引导逻辑主语的介词:
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:
absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。
如:
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.
It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
(3)不定式做主语补足语:
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。
注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。
如:
said
reported
thought
betodosth.
believed
known
supposed
Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.
Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.
2.不定式做宾语
(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词:
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。
如:
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.
注意:
1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语,这类动词有:
consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如:
Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.
2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语,介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。
如:
Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.
Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.
(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词:
下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语):
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。
注意:
画线动词后面的不定式不带to。
如:
Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。
如:
thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”
curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对……好奇”
abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动),effort等。
如:
IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。
如:
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语,soasto不能置于句首。
如:
Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.
Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.
(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。
如:
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。
如:
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。
如:
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息,我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。
如:
Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.
Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号:
objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。
如:
TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.
Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.
Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.
Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.
Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。
在概念上考生应清楚:
●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。
如:
It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)
The
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