Information System名词解释.docx

Information System名词解释.docx

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InformationSystem名词解释

Chapter1BusinessInformationSystem:

AnOverview

•Digitalsystems:

–Computersanddevicesthatusethebinarysystem

–Canrepresentanyinformationasacombinationofzerosandones

•Problem:

anyundesirablesituation

•Decision:

ariseswhenmorethanonesolutiontoproblemexists

•Data:

agivenorfact

–Canbenumber,statement,orpicture

–Istherawmaterialintheproductionofinformation

•Information:

factsorconclusionsthathavemeaningwithincontext

–Composedofdatathathasbeenmanipulated

•Process:

themanipulationofdata

–Usuallyproducesinformation

–Mayproducemoredata

•System:

arrayofcomponentsthatworktogethertoachievegoalorgoals

•System

–Acceptsinput

–Processesinput

–Producesoutput

•Subsystem:

componentofalargersystem

•Closedsystem:

hasnoconnectionswithothersystems

•Opensystem:

interfacesandinteractswithothersystems

–Oftenasubsystemofabiggersystem

–Subsystemsbydefinitionarealwaysopen

•Informationsystem（IS）:

componentsthatworktogethertoprocessdataandproduceinformation

•Systemsthinking:

thinkingofanorganizationintermsofsubsystems

•Database:

collectionofelectronicrecords

•Informationmap:

descriptionofdataandinformationflowwithinanorganization

•Informationtechnology:

technologiesthatfacilitateconstructionandmaintenanceofinformationsystems

•Synergy:

combiningresourcestoproduceoutputthatexceedsthesumofoutputsoftheseparateresourcesbythemselves

•Computer-basedInformationsystem:

systemwithoneormorecomputersatcenter

•Input:

collectandintroducedatatosystem

–Transaction:

abusinessevent,usuallyenteredasinput

–Transactionprocessingsystem（TPS）:

asystemthatrecordstransactions

–Inputdevicesincludekeyboards,barcodereaders,voicerecognitionsystems,touchscreens

•Dataprocessing:

performcalculationsoninput

•Output:

whatisproducedbytheinformationsystem

–Outputdevicesincludeprintersandspeakers

•Storage:

maintainingvastamountsofdata

–Storagedevicesincludeopticaldiscs

•ManagementInformationSystem:

asystemthatsupportsplanning,control,andmakingdecisions

•Transactionprocessingsystem（TPS）:

mostwidelyusedtypeofsystem

–Recordsdatacollectedatpointwhereorganizationtransactsbusinesswithotherparties

•Supplychain:

sequenceofactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandsellingproductsorservices

•Supplychainmanagement（SCM）systems:

systemsthatsupporttheseactivities

•Alsoknownasenterpriseresourceplanningsystems

•AnSCMisanenterpriseapplication

•Customerrelationshipmanagement（CRM）systems:

systemsformanagingrelationswithcustomers

•Businessintelligence（BI）systems:

systemsthatgleanrelationshipsandtrendsfromrawdatatohelporganizationcompete

–Oftencontainstatisticalmodels

–Accesslargepoolsofdata

•Datawarehouse:

largedatabasethatusuallystoretransactionalrecords

•Decisionsupportsystem（DSS）:

supportsdecisionmaking

–Reliesonmodelstoproducetables

–Extrapolatesdatatopredictoutcomes

–Helpsanswer“Whatif?

”questions

•Expertsystem（ES）:

supportsknowledge-intensivedecisionmaking

–Usesartificialintelligencetechniques

–Canpreservetheknowledgeofretiringexperts

•Geographicinformationsystem（GIS）:

tiesdatatophysicallocations

•Functionalbusinessarea:

serviceswithinacompanythatsupportmainbusiness

–Includesaccounting,finance,marketing,andhumanresources

•E-commerce:

buyingandsellinggoodsandservicesthroughInternet

•Helpdesktechnician:

–SupportsendusersintheirdailyuseofIT

•Systemsanalyst:

–Researches,plans,andrecommendssoftwareandsystemschoices

–Responsiblefordevelopingcostanalyses,designconsiderations,implementationtimelines,andfeasibilitystudies

•Databaseadministrator（DBA）:

responsiblefordatabasesanddatawarehouses

•Networkadministrator:

acquires,implements,manages,maintains,andtroubleshootsnetworks

•Systemadministrator:

managesanorganization’scomputeroperatingsystems

•Webmaster:

createsandmaintainsWebsite

–MustbefamiliarwithWebtransactionsoftware,payment-processingsoftware,securitysoftware

•Chiefsecurityofficer（CSO）:

supervisessecurityofinformationsystem

•Chiefinformationofficer（CIO）:

responsibleforallaspectsofinformationsystem

•Chieftechnologyofficer（CTO）:

hassimilardutiesasCIO

Chapter2StrategicUsesofInformationSystem

•Strategy:

framework,orapproach,toobtaininganadvantageousposition

•Businessstrategy:

aplantohelpanorganizationoutperformitscompetitors

–Oftendonebycreatingnewopportunities,notbeatingrivals

•Strategicinformationsystem（SIS）:

aninformationsystemthathelpsseizeopportunities

•Strategicadvantage:

usingstrategytomaximizecompanystrengths

•Competitiveadvantage:

havingmaximizedanorganization’sstrengthstobeatitsrivals

•Switchingcosts:

expensesincurredwhencustomerstopsbuyingfromonecompanyandstartsbuyingfromanother

•Firstmover:

organizationthatisfirsttoofferanewproductorservice

•Usuallyresultsinsuperiorbrandname,bettertechnology,moreexperience,orcriticalmass

•Criticalmass:

bodyofclientsthatislargeenoughtoattractotherclients

•Productdifferentiation:

persuadingcustomersthatyourproductisbetterthancompetitors’

•Alliance:

twocompaniescombiningservices

•Makesproductmoreattractive

•Reducescosts

•Providesone-stopshopping

•Affiliateprogram:

linkingtoothercompaniesandrewardingthelinkerforclick-throughs

•Bargainingpower:

leveragetoinfluencebuyersandsuppliers

•Reengineering:

Eliminatingandrebuildingoperationsfromthegroundup

•Latemover:

entersthemarketlaterthanothercompetitors

•Canbeviewedasadvantage

•Implementslatestavailabletechnologies

•Notburdenedwithlegacysystems

•Bleedingedge:

failureoccurringbecauseofcompanytryingtobeonleadingedge

•Nopriorexperiencefromwhichtolearn

•Implementationcostsaregreaterthananticipated

•Technologyendsuplosingmoneyforcompany

Chapter3BusinessFunctionsandSupplyChains

•Effectiveness:

thedegreetowhichagoalisachieved

•Efficiency:

therelationshipbetweenresourcesexpendedandbenefitsgainedinachievingagoal

–Efficiency=Benefit/Costs

–Onesystemismoreefficientifitsoperatingcostsarelowerforthesameorbetterqualityproduct

•Productivity:

efficiencyofhumanresources

–Productivityimproveswhenfewerworkersarerequiredtoachievethesamegoal

•Productivitytools:

softwareapplicationsthatimproveproductivity

•Customerrelationshipmanagement（CRM）system:

systemthatservescustomersbetterandfaster

•Balancesheet:

pictureoffinancialsituation

–Includesprofit-and-lossreport

•Accountinginformationsystem:

receivesinformationfromtransactionprocessingsystems（TPSs）

–Automaticallyroutespurchasestoaccountspayable

–Automaticallyroutessalestoaccountsreceivable

•Generatesreportsondemandoronschedule

•Workorder:

anauthorizationtoperformworkforaspecificpurpose

•Cost-accountingsystems:

accumulatedataaboutcostsinvolvedinproducingspecificproducts

•Cashmanagementsystems:

systemsthatdealspecificallywithcash

•Electronicfundstransfer:

electronictransferofcashfromonebankaccounttoanother

•Timetomarket:

timebetweengeneratinganideaforaproductandcompletingaprototype

•Brainstorming:

processofagroupofcolleaguesmeetingandcollaboratingtogeneratecreativesolutionsandnewideas

•Computer-aideddesign（CAD）:

toolstocreate,modify,andstoredesignsanddrawingselectronically

•Rapidprototyping:

creatingone-of-a-kindproductstotestdesigninthreedimensions

–Allowsamodeltobeproducedinhoursratherthandaysorweeks

•Computer-aidedmanufacturing（CAM）:

systemsthatinstructmachineshowtomanufacturepartsandassembleproducts

•Supplychain:

consistsofprocurementofrawmaterials,processingmaterialsintogoods,anddeliveringgoods

•Processingrawmaterialsintogoodsisalsoknownasmanufacturing

•Supplychainmanagement:

monitoring,controlling,andfacilitatingsupplychains

•Materialrequirementsplanning（MRP）:

inventorycontrol

•Billofmaterials（BOM）:

listofallrawmaterialsandsubcomponentdemandstoproduceaproduct

•Economicorderquantity（EOQ）:

optimalquantityofarawmaterialthatminimizesoverstockingandsavescost,withoutmissingproductiondeadlines

•Manufacturingresourceplanning（MRPII）:

combinesMRPwithotherrelatedactivitiestoplantheentiremanufacturingprocess

–Usesmasterproductionschedule

•Masterproductionschedule:

specifieshowproductioncapacityistobeusedtomeetcustomerdemands

•Just-in-timemanufacturing:

suppliersshippartsdirectlytoassemblylinesasneeded

–Avoidswarehousingcosts

•Radiofrequencyidentification（RFID）:

atechnologycontainingcircuitrythatallowsrecordingofinformationaboutaproduct

•Electronicproductcode（EPC）:

acodeonanRIFDtagthatprovidesmoreinformationthantheuniversalproductcode（UPC）

•Customerrelationshipmanagement（CRM）systems:

designedtosupportanyandallrelationshipswithcustomers

–Supportsthreeareas

•Marketing

•Sales

•Customerservice

•Marketresearch:

helpsdiscoverpopulationsandregionsthataremostlikelytopurchaseproduct

•Targetedmarketing:

promotestopeoplemostlikelytopurchaseproducts

•Spam:

cheapmethodofadvertisinginvolvingsendingmasse-mailcommunications

•Telemarketing:

marketingoverthetelephone

–Callerhaslargedatabaseofconsumerdata

•Computertelephonyintegration:

allowscomputert