Academic and GeneralReading.docx
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Academic and GeneralReading.docx
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AcademicandGeneralReading
AcademicReading
QUESTIONS1-14
Youareadvisedtospendabout15minutesonQuestions1-14whichrefertoReadingPassage1below.
READINGPASSAGE1
FINDINGTHELOSTFREEDOM
1.Theprivatecarisassumedtohavewidenedourhorizonsandincreasedourmobility.Whenweconsiderourchildren'smobility,theycanbedriventomoreplaces(andmoredistantplaces)thantheycouldvisitwithoutaccesstoamotorvehicle.However,allowingourcitiestobedominatedbycarshasprogressivelyerodedchildren'sindependentmobility.Childrenhavelostmuchoftheirfreedomtoexploretheirownneighbourhoodorcitywithoutadultsupervision.Inrecentsurveys,whenparentsinsomecitieswereaskedabouttheirownchildhoodexperiences,themajorityrememberedhavingmore,orfarmore,opportunitiesforgoingoutontheirown,comparedwiththeirownchildrentoday.Theyhadmorefreedomtoexploretheirownenvironment.
2.Children'sindependentaccesstotheirlocalstreetsmaybeimportantfortheirownpersonal,mentalandpsychologicaldevelopment.Allowingthemtogettoknowtheirownneighbourhoodandcommunitygivesthema'senseofplace'.Thisdependson'activeexploration',whichisnotprovidedforwhenchildrenarepassengersincars.(Suchchildrenmayseemore,buttheylearnless.)Notonlyisitimportantthatchildrenbeabletogettolocalplayareasbythemselves,butwalkingandcyclingjourneystoschoolandtootherdestinationsprovidegenuineplayactivitiesinthemselves.
3.Thereareverysignificanttimeandmoneycostsforparentsassociatedwithtransportingtheirchildrentoschool,sportandtootherlocations.ResearchintheUnitedKingdomestimatedthatthiscost,in1990,wasbetween10billionand20billionpounds.
4.Thereductioninchildren'sfreedommayalsocontributetoaweakeningofthesenseoflocalcommunity.Asfewerchildrenandadultsusethestreetsaspedestrians,thesestreetsbecomelesssociableplaces.Thereislessopportunityforchildrenandadultstohavethespontaneousofcommunity.Thisinitselfmayexacerbatefearsassociatedwithassaultandmolestationofchildren,becausetherearefeweradultsavailablewhoknowtheirneighbours'children,andwhocanlookoutfortheirsafety.
5.Theextratrafficinvolvedintransportingchildrenresultsinincreasedtrafficcongestion,pollutionandaccidentrisk.Asourroadsbecomemoredangerous,moreparentsdrivetheirchildrentomoreplaces,thuscontributingtoincreasedlevelsofdangerfortheremainingpedestrians.Anyonewhohasexperiencedeitherthereducedvolumeoftrafficinpeakhourduringschoolholidays,orthetrafficjamsnearschoolsattheendofaschoolday,willnotneedconvincingaboutthesepoints.Thus,therearealsoimportantenvironmentalimplicationsofchildren'slossoffreedom.
6.Asindividuals,parentsstrivetoprovidethebestupbringingtheycanfortheirchildren.However,indoingso,(e.g.bydrivingtheirchildrentosport,schoolorrecreation)parentsmaybecontributingtoamoredangerousenvironmentforchildrengenerally.Theideathat'streetsareforcarsandbackyardsandplaygroundsareforchildren'isastronglyheldbelief,andparentshavelittlechoiceasindividualsbuttokeeptheirchildrenoffthestreetsiftheywanttoprotecttheirsafety.
7.InmanypartsofDutchcities,andsometrafficcalmedprecinctsinGermany,residentialstreetsarenowplaceswherecarsmustgivewaytopedestrians.Intheseareas,residentsareacceptingtheviewthatthefunctionofstreetsisnotsolelytoprovidemobilityforcars.Streetsmayalsobeforsocialinteraction,walking,cyclingandplaying.OneofthemostimportantaspectsoftheseEuropeancities,intermsofgivingcitiesbacktochildren,hasbeenarangeof'trafficcalming'initiatives,aimedatreducingthevolumeandspeedoftraffic.Theseinitiativeshavehadcomplexinteractiveeffects,leadingtoasensethatchildrenhavebeenableto'recapture'theirlocalneighbourhood,andmoreimportantly,thattheyhavebeenabletodothisinsafety.RecentresearchhasdemonstratedthatchildreninmanyGermancitieshavesignificantlyhigherlevelsoffreedomtotraveltoplacesintheirownneighbourhoodorcitythanchildreninothercitiesintheworld.
8.Modifyingcitiesinordertoenhancechildren'sfreedomwillnotonlybenefitchildren.Suchcitieswillbecomemoreenvironmentallysustainable,aswellasmoresociableandmorelivableforallcityresidents.Perhapsitwillbeourconcernforourchildren'swelfarethatconvincesusthatweneedtochallengethedominanceofthecarinourcities.
Questions1-5
Readstatements1-5whichrelatetoParagraphs1,2,and3ofthereadingpassage.AnswerТifthestatementistrue,Fifthestatementisfalse,orNIifthereisnoinformationgiveninthepassage.Writeyouranswersinthespacesnumbered1-5ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.
Example:
Theprivatecarhasmadepeoplemoremobile.Answer:
Т
1.Theprivatecarhashelpedchildrenhavemoreopportunitiestolearn.
2.Childrenaremoreindependenttodaythantheyusedtobe.
3.Walkingandcyclingtoschoolallowschildrentolearnmore.
4.Childrenusuallywalkorcycletoschool.
5.Parentssavetimeandmoneybydrivingchildrentoschool.
Questions6-9
InParagraphs4and5,thereareFOURproblemsstated.Theseproblems,numberedasquestions6-9,arelistedbelow.Eachoftheseproblemshasacause,listedA-G.FindthecorrectcauseforeachoftheproblemsandwritethecorrespondingletterA-G,inthespacesnumbered6-9ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.
Therearemorecausesthanproblemssoyouwillnotuseallofthemandyoumayuseanycausemorethanonce.
Problems
Example:
lowsenseofcommunityfeeling
6.streetsbecomelesssociable
7.fewerchancesformeetingfriends
8.fearsofdangerforchildren
9.higheraccidentrisk
Causes
Answer:
F
Afewadultsknowlocalchildren
Вfewerpeopleusethestreets
Сincreasedpollution
Dstreetsarelessfriendly
Elesstrafficinschoolholidays
Freducedfreedomforchildren
Gmorechildrendriventoschool
Questions10-14
Questions10-14arestatementbeginningswhichrepresentinformationgiveninParagraphs6,7and8.Intheboxbelow,therearesomestatementendingsnumberedi-x.Choosethecorrectendingforeachstatement.Writeyouranswersi-x,inthespacesnumbered10-14ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.
Therearemorestatementendingsthanyouwillneed.
Example:
Bydrivingtheirchildrentoschool,parentshelpcreate…Answer:
i
10.Childrenshouldplay...
11.InsomeGermantowns,pedestrianshaverightofway…
12.Streetsshouldalsobeusedfor...
13.Reducingtheamountoftrafficandthespeedis...
14.Allpeoplewholiveinthecitywillbenefitifcitiesare...
Listofstatementendings
i...adangerousenvironment.
ii...modified.
iii...onresidentialstreets.
iv...modifyingcities.
v...neighbourhoods.
vi...socialising.
vii...inbackyards.
viii...forcars.
ix...trafficcalming.
x...residential
Questions15-28
READINGPASSAGE2
RISINGSEA
Paragraph1.INCREASEDTEMPERATURES
Theaverageairtemperatureatthesurfaceoftheearthhasrisenthiscentury,ashasthetemperatureofoceansurfacewaters.Becausewaterexpandsasitheats,awarmeroceanmeanshighersealevels.Wecannotsaydefinitelythatthetemperaturerisesareduetothegreenhouseeffect;theheatingmaybepartofa‘natural’variabilityoveralongtime-scalethatwehavenotyetrecognizedinourshort100yearsofrecording.However,assumingthebuildupofgreenhousegasesisresponsible,andthatthewarmingwillcontinue,scientists–andinhabitantsoflow-lyingcoastalareas–wouldliketoknowtheextentoffuturesealevelrises.
Paragraph2.
Calculatingthisisnoteasy.Modelsusedforthepurposehavetreatedtheoceanaspassive,stationaryandone-dimensional.Scientistshaveassumedthatheatsimplydiffusedintotheseafromtheatmosphere.Usingbasicphysicallaws,theythenpredicthowmuchaknownvolumeofwaterwouldexpandforagivenincreaseintemperature.Buttheoceansarenotone-dimensional,andrecentworkbyoceanographers,usinganewmodelwhichtakesintoaccountanumberofsubtlefacetsofthesea–includingvastandcomplexoceancurrents–suggeststhattheriseinsealevelmaybelessthansomeearlierestimateshadpredicted.
Paragraph3.
Aninternationalforumonclimatechange,in1986,producedfiguresforlikelysea-levelrisesof20cmsand1.4m,correspondingtoatmospherictemperatureincreasesof1.5and4.5Crespectively.Somescientistsestimatethattheoceanwarmingresultingfromthosetemperatureincreasesbytheyear2050wouldraisethesealevelbybetween10cmsand40cms.Thismodelonlytakesintoaccountthetemperatureeffectontheoceans;itdoesnotconsiderchangesinsealevelbroughtaboutbythemeltingoficesheetsandglaciers,andchangesingroundwaterstorage.Whenweaddonestimatesofthese,wearriveatfiguresfortotalsea-levelrisesof15cmand70cmrespectively.
Paragraph4.
It’snoteasytryingtomodelaccuratelytheenormouscomplexitiesoftheever-changingoceans,withtheirgreatvolume,massivecurrentsandsensitivelytotheinfluenceoflandmassesandtheatmosphere.Forexample,considerhowheatenterstheocean.Doesitjust‘diffuse’fromthewarmerairverticallyintothewater,andheatonlythesurfacelayerofthesea?
(Warmwaterislessdensethancold,soitwouldnotspreaddownwards).Conventionalmodelsofsea-levelrisehaveconsider
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