分享GMAT作文黄金80题范文.docx
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分享GMAT作文黄金80题范文.docx
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分享GMAT作文黄金80题范文
1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.
“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.”
Citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendinthecostsoffilmprocessingovera24-yearperiod,theauthorarguesthatOlympicFoodswilllikewisebeabletominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofitsinthefuture.Insupportofthisconclusiontheauthorcitesthegeneralprinciplethat“asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.”Thisprinciple,coupledwiththefactthatOlympicFoodshashad25yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor’srosyprediction.Thisargumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws.
First,theauthor’sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatOlympicFoods’“longexperience”hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter.Thereis,however,noguaranteethatthisisthecase.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption.Justaslikely,OlympicFoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthefood-processingbusiness.Lackingthisassumption,theexpectationofincreasedefficiencyisentirelyunfounded.
Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilm-processingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountableobstaclesthatpreventloweringfood-processingcostsinthefuture.
Asitstandstheauthor’sargumentisnotcompelling.TostrengthentheconclusionthatOlympicFoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsinthefuture,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25yearsofexperience.Supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood-processingindustrywouldfurthersubstantiatetheauthor’sview.
2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.
“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldoffices(n.外地办事处)andconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”
InthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthattheApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralizedlocationbecausethecompanyhadbeenmoreprofitableinthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation.Foracoupleofreasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing.
First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamliningsupervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataorprojections推测.Moreover,theassumptionfailstotakeintoaccountcostincreasesandinefficiencythatcouldresultfromcentralization.Forinstance,companyrepresentativeswouldhavetotraveltodobusinessinareasformerlyservedbyafieldoffice,creatingtravelcostsandlossofcriticaltime.Inshort,thisassumptionmustbesupportedwithathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofcentralizationversusotherpossiblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancingstrategies.
Second,theonlyreasonofferedbytheauthoristheclaimthatApogeewasmoreprofitablewhenithadoperatedfromasingle,centralizedlocation.Butiscentralizationtheonlydifferencerelevanttogreaterpastprofitability?
Itisentirelypossiblethatmanagementhasbecomelaxregardinganynumberoffactorsthatcanaffectthebottomline(帐本底线)suchasinferiorproducts,carelessproductpricing,inefficientproduction,pooremployeeexpenseaccountmonitoring,ineffectiveadvertising,sloppybuyingpoliciesandotherwastefulspending.Unlesstheauthorcanruleoutotherfactorsrelevanttodiminishingprofits,thisargumentcommitsthefallacyofassumingthatjustbecauseoneevent(decreasingprofits)followsanother(decentralization)(时序因果),thesecondeventhasbeencausedbythefirst.
Inconclusion,thisisaweakargument.TostrengthentheconclusionthatApogeeshouldclosefieldofficesandcentralize,thisauthormustprovideathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofavailablealternativesandruleoutfactorsotherthandecentralizationthatmightbeaffectingcurrentprofitsnegatively.
6.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.
“CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenseekingnewbusinessopportunitiesoranewlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios’sunemploymentratewaslowerthantheregionalaverage.Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmorethanitsshareoftheregion’smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpanditseconomicbasebyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.”
InthisargumentcorporationsareurgedtoconsiderthecityofHelioswhenseekinganewlocationornewbusinessopportunities.Tosupportthisrecommendation,theauthorpointsoutthatHeliosistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,providingmostoftheregion’smanufacturingjobsandenjoyingalower-than-averageunemploymentrate.Moreover,itisargued,effortsarecurrentlyunderwaytoexpandtheeconomicbaseofthecitybyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.Thisargumentisproblematicfortworeasons.
Tobeginwith,itisquestionablewhethertheavailablelaborpoolinHelioscouldsupportalltypesofcorporations.GiventhatHelioshasattractedmainlyindustrialandmanufacturingcompaniesinthepast,itisunlikelythatthelocalpoolofprospectiveemployeeswouldbesuitableforcorporationsofothertypes.Forexample,theneedsofresearchanddevelopmentcompanieswouldnotbemetbyalaborforcetrainedinmanufacturingskills.Forthisreason,it’sunlikelythatHelioswillbesuccessfulinitsattempttoattractcompaniesthatfocusorresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.
Anotherproblemwiththeavailableworkforceisitssize.DuetothelowerthanaverageunemploymentrateinHelios,corporationsthatrequirelargenumbersofworkerswouldnotfindHeliosattractive.ThefactthatfewpersonsareoutofworksuggeststhatnewcorporationswillhavetoeitherattractnewworkerstoHeliosorpaytheexistingworkershigherwagesinordertolurethemawayfromtheircurrentjobs.Neitherofthesealternativesseemsenticingtocompaniesseekingtorelocate.
Inconclusion,theauthorhasnotsucceededinprovidingcompellingreasonsforselectingHeliosasthesiteforacompanywishingtorelocate.Infact,thereasonsofferedfunctionbetterasreasonsfornotrelocatingtoHelios.NorhastheauthorprovidedcompellingreasonsforcompaniesseekingnewbusinessopportunitiestochooseHelios.
8.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofacorporatenewsletter.
“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:
arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”
Baseduponasurveyamongworkersthatindicatesahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms,theauthorconcludesthatworkersarenotapatheticaboutmanagementissues.Specifically,itisarguedthatsince79percentofthe1200workerswhorespondedtosurveyexpressedinterestinthesetopics,thenotionthatworkersareapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisincorrect.Thereasoninginthisargumentisproblematicinseveralrespects.
First,thestatisticscitedintheeditorialmaybemisleadingbecausethetotalnumberofworkersemployedbythecorporationisnotspecified.Forexample,ifthecorporationemploys2000workers,thefactthat79percentofthenearly1200respondentsshowedinterestinthesetopicsprovidesstrongsupportfortheconclusion.Ontheotherhand,ifthecorporationemploys200,000workers,theconclusionismuchweaker.
Anotherproblemwiththeargumentisthattherespondents’viewsarenotnecessarilyrepresentativeoftheviewsoftheworkforceingeneral.Forexample,becausethesurveyhastodowithapathy,itmakessensethatonlylessapatheticworkerswouldrespondtoit,therebydistortingtheoverallpictureofapathyamongtheworkforce.Withoutknowinghowthesurveywasconducted,itisimpossibletoassesswhetherornotthisisthecase.
Athirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatitmakesahastygeneralizationaboutthetypesofissuesworkersareinterestedin.Itaccordswithcommonsensethatworkerswouldbeinterestedincorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefi
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