考研英语真题与答案解析.docx
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考研英语真题与答案解析.docx
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考研英语真题与答案解析
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语
(一)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis 1 tosayitanyway.Heisthat 2 bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3 anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot 4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.
5 he,however,mighttrembleatthe 6 ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly 7 thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin 8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.
ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest, 9 12-15pointsabovethe 10 valueof100,andhavecontributed 11 totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe 12 oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists, 13 .Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts, 14 ,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen 15 tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof 16 education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an) 17 ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately 18 .Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19 themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis 20 stateofaffairs.
1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased
2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare
3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against
4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately
5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence
6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk
7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects
8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question
9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating
10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total
11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably
12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers
13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve
14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile
15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown
16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing
17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument
18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined
19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed
20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”
Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”
NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen.
[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress
[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress
[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress
[D]areexposedtomorestress
23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe.
[A]domesticandtemporary
[B]irregularandviolent
[C]durableandfrequent
[D]trivialandrandom
24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line5,Para.5)showsthat.
[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney
[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses
[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs
[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]StrainofStress:
NoWayOut?
[B]ResponsetoStress:
GenderDifference
[C]StressAnalysis:
WhatChemicalsSay?
[D]GenderInequality:
WomenUnderStress
Text2
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.
Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment–fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.
Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses.
[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting
[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports
[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers
[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?
[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.
[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.
[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.
[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.
28.Accord
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