国际贸易第15版复习大纲.docx
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国际贸易第15版复习大纲.docx
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国际贸易第15版复习大纲
ChapterOne(第一章)
International EconomicsIsDifferent
(国际经济学就是一门独特得学科)
1、 FourControversies(四个有争议得事件)
(1)ImportsofAutomobileTires(汽车轮胎得进口)
(2)Immigration (移民)
(3)China′sExchangeRate(中国得汇率)
(4)GlobalFinancialandEconomicCrisis(全球金融与经济危机)
2、Economics andthe nation—state(经济学与国家政府)
Nationsare sovereign (国家就是主权独立得)
Nobodyis inchargeofthewhole world economy(没有人可以掌控整个世界经济)
Nationshavetheirseparate policies(国家拥有独立得政策)
(1)Factormobility(要素流动性)
(2)Differentfiscalpolicies(不同得财政政策)
(3)Differentmoneys(不同得货币)
PartOne:
TheTheoryof InternationalTrade
(第一篇:
国际贸易理论第二章至第七章)
ChapterTwo (第二章)
The basictheoryusingdemandand supply
(需求与供给得基本理论)
1、FourKeyQuestionsAboutInternational Trade(贸易得四个重要问题)
2、Demandandsupply(需求与供给)
(1)DemandandConsumersurplus(需求与消费者剩余)
①Priceofelasticity ofdemand(需求价格弹性)
Thepercentchangeinquantitydemandedofaproduct caused by aone percentincreaseinthepriceofthisproduct(产品价格上升一个百分点所引起得该产品需求数量得百分比变化)
注意:
需求曲线越平坦,说明越具有价格弹性
②Consumersurplus(消费者剩余)
The differencebetweenthe valuethat consumersplaceontheunitsoftheproductthattheybuyandthepayment thattheymake toobtain theseunits、(消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付得价格与获得这些产品实际支付得价格之间得差额)
(2)Supplyandproducersurplus(供给与生产者剩余)
①Price ofelasticityofsupply(P20)
②Supplysurplus(figure 2、1)(P22)
3、 Twonationalmarketsandthe openingoftrade(两国得市场与贸易得开展)
(1)Free TradeEquilibrium(自由贸易均衡)
What willhappen when UStradewiththerestofcountry?
Buylowandsell high—----arbitrage(套利)
Note:
one –dollar,one—votemetric(一元一票制)
(2)Which countrygains more?
(哪个国家获益更多)
The countrythatexperiencesthelargerpricechangehasa largervalue ofthe net gainsfromtrade(经历较大价格变化得国家从贸易中获得较大得净收益)
Chapter Three (第三章)
Why EverybodyTrades:
parativeAdvantage
(为什么开展贸易:
比较优势)
1、Adam smith′stheoryofabsolute advantage(斯密得绝对优势理论)
(1)Mercantilism(重商主义)(P35)
(2)Thetheory ofabsoluteadvantage
Every country willfocusonproducingwhatit doesbestandexportsit。
(各国将集中力量生产它最擅长得产品并出口它)
1Howtomeasure“best”?
Laborproductivity:
劳动生产率
Thenumberofunitsofoutputthataworker canproduceinonehour。
Or the number ofhoursthatittakesaworkertoproduceoneunitof output。
②Thebasisoftrade(贸易得基础)
Thereisa basis forbeneficial tradeifcountries haveanabsolute advantage(如果一国具有绝对优势那么从事贸易就是有利得)
2、Ricardo′s Theoryofparative advantage(李嘉图得比较优势理论)
(1)Themain views(主要观点)
①Ricardo focusedonlaborproductivity(orresourceproductivitymoregenerally) for different productsindifferentcountries、
②Theprinciple ofparativeadvantage :
Acountrywillexportproducts thatitcanproduceatalowopportunitycostand importproducts that it wouldotherwiseproduceatahighopportunity cost、
③Basisfortrade:
Relativedifferencesinlabor(resource)productivity、
(2)Concepts(概念)
①Opportunitycost(机会成本)
Producing moreofaproductin acountryistheamountofproductionof theotherproduct thatisgive up、(一国某种产品多生产一单位就是其它产品所放弃得生产数量)
②Relativeprice(相对价格)
3、Ricardo′sconstant costs and theproduction—possibility curve(ppc)
(1)PPCunderconstant costs(固定成本下得生产可能性曲线)
A curvethatshowsallpossiblebinations ofamountsofdifferentproductsthat aneconomycan produce,withfullemployment ofitsresources andmaximumfeasible productivityofthoseresources。
(一个经济体在资源充分就业以及资源生产率最大化条件下能够生产得不同产品数量得各种组合得曲线)
(2)Constantproductivity (P41)
Themarginaloropportunity cost ofeachgoodisconstant ineachcountry、
(3)Ricardo′sconclusion
Eachcountrythenspecializes in producingonlythegoodinwhichit hasaparativeadvantage、(各国仅仅专业化生产自身具有比较优势得产品)
(4)Equilibriuminternationalpriceratio(国际均衡价格比率)
Mustfall within therange ofthe twopriceratiosthatprevailedineachcountrybeforetradebegan、(必定位于贸易开始前两国产品得相对价格比率得区间内)
2、1〉=internationalpriceofcloth >=0、67(bushel/yard)
0、5〈=internationalpriceofwheat〈=1、5(yard/bushel)
ChapterFour (第四章)
Trade:
Factoravailabilityandfactorproportionsarekey
(贸易:
要素可获取性与要素比例就是关键)
Review:
回顾前几章thebasesoftrade(贸易得基础)
First,thedifferencesinthedemands forproductsindifferent countries(第一,不同国家产品得需求差异)
Second,thedifferences intechnologiesorresourceproductivitiescancreateparativeadvantage(第二,产生比较优势得技术或资源生产率得差异)
Third,thedifferencesinfactoravailabilityarea sourceofparative advantage(第三,产生比较优势得要素可获取性得差异)(本章重点)
1、 Productionwith increasing marginalcosts (边际成本递增下得生产)
(1)Increasingmarginal costP50
Asoneindustry expandsitsproductionquantity,increasingamountsofother productsmustbegivenuptogeteach extra unitofthe expanding industry’s product
(2)Isitstraightline as constant cost?
(固定成本得PPC线就是一条直线吗?
)
Production possibilitiescurveunderincreasing costsisbowed out
(边际成本递增下得生产可能性曲线就是凸向原点得形状)
(3)Whatproductionbinationisactually chosen?
(如何选择实际得生产组合)
●Specializationon onlyoneproduct inconstant costcase、(在固定成本情形下只专业化生产一种产品)
●Itdepends onthe marketprice、(实际得生产组合取决于市场价格)
2、munityindifference curves(社会无差异曲线)P53
(1)Indifference curvesP53
A curvethatshowsthe variousbinationsofconsumptionquantities ofproductsthatgive a consumerthesame levelofwell—beingorhappiness。
(2)What consumptionbinationisactuallychosen?
(如何选择实际得消费组合)
Dependonthebudgetconstrain、(取决于预算约束)
3、 Productionandconsumptiontogether(生产与消费相结合P55-56)
(1)WithouttradeP55图
(2)Withtrade P56
(3)DemandandsupplyagainP56
4、Thegains from trade(贸易得利益)
●Tradeallowseachcountryto consumeatapoint(C1)thatliesbeyonditsown possibilitytoproduce;
●tradeallowseachcountryto achieve a highermunityindifference curve
●A countrygainsmore fromtrade ifitstermsof tradeincrease、
¡Termsoftrade(贸易条件):
theratioofthe(average)price thatacountryreceivesfromforeignersfor itsexportstothe (average) pricethat thiscountrypaysforeignersforits imports(贸易条件就是指一国从出口中收取得价格与向进口品支付得价格之间得比率)
5、Tradeaffects production andconsumption (贸易影响生产与消费)
6、Whatdeterminesthetradepattern?
(什么决定贸易模式)
●Productionconditional differ
●Consumptionconditionaldiffer
●Somebinationofthesetwodifferences
7、Heckscher-OhlinTheory ofTrade(赫克歇尔—俄林理论)
(1)Labor-abundantand Labor-intensive(劳动力丰裕与劳动力密集)
Labor—abundant(劳动力丰裕):
Arelativelylaborabundantcountryisa countrythathasahigherratio of(nationallyavailable) laborto(nationallyavailable)otherfactorsthandoestherestoftheworld、
Labor-intensive(劳动力密集):
Arelativelylabor-intensiveproductisa productforwhichlaborcostsarea greatershareof itsvalue thantheyareof the valueofotherproducts
(2)mainviews(主要观点)
Acountrywillexport productsthatuserelativelyintensivelythoseproductionfactorsfound relativelyabundantlyin thecountry,andimportproductsthatuserelatively intensivelythoseproductionfactorsthatarerelativelyscarceinthecountry、(一国应该出口密集使用该国相对丰裕要素生产得产品,并且进口密集使用该国相对稀缺要素生产得产品)
ChapterFive(第五章)
WhoGainsand WhoLosesfromTrade?
(贸易中谁受益?
谁受损?
)
1、Whogainsandwho loseswithinacountry(一国内部谁受益谁受损)
(1)Short-runeffectsofopeningtrade(开展贸易得短期效应)
Gainsandlossesdividedby outputsector:
all groups tiedtorising sectorsgain,andallgroupstiedtodecliningsectorslose、(按照产出得产业来划分受益与受损:
与上升产业相联系得所有群体受益,与缩减产业相联系得所有群体受损)
(2)Long—runeffectsofopeningtrade(开展贸易得长期效应)
Gainsandlossesdividedbyfactors:
factor whichisintensivelyused in theexportgains,andfactor whichissparing usedin the export lose、(按照要素来划分受益与受损:
在出口中密集使用得要素受益,在出口中稀缺使用得要素受损)
2、Three implicationoftheH-Otheory(H-O理论得三种意义)
(1)The Stopler-Samuelsontheorem(S-Stheorem)(斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理)
●Itraisesthe realreturntothe factorusedintensively intherising—price industry; itlowerstherealreturntothefactorusedintensively in thefallingpriceindustry
(2)Thespecialized—factor pattern(专业化要素模式)
●The moreafactor is specialized intheproductionofaproductwhose relativepriceis rising,themorethisfactorstandstogainfrom the changeintheproduct price
●Themoreafactoris concentrated intotheproduction ofa productwhoserelativepriceisfalling, themore itstands to losefrom thechangeinproductprice
(3)The factor—priceequalizationtheorem(要素均等化定理)
¡InternationalFactorPriceEqualization
●Withthe shifttofreetrade:
Foreachfactor,its rate ofreturnbeesmoresimilarbetweencountries、 Underidealconditions,its realrateofreturn isthe sameindifferentcountries、
3、DoesH-O explainactualtradepatterns?
(H-O理论能解释现实得贸易模式吗?
)
(1)Leotiefparadox(readingbox)(里昂惕夫之谜)(阅读专栏P75)
US economyassumedcapital-abundantrelativetotherestofthe world、 Leotief′sresultsshowed thatuswasexportinglabor-intensive goodstothe rest of theworldin exchange forrelativelycapital—intensive imports、
(2)Some explanations aboutLeotief paradox(里昂惕夫之谜得解释)
●Factorendowments (要素禀赋)
●internationaltrade(国际贸易)
4、Whataretheexport—orientedandimport—petingfactors?
(什么就是出口导向型与进口竞争型要素?
)
(1)Itsimplications inpolicy(它得政策含义)
Figure 5、5 –A SchematicViewof the FactorContent of U.S.Exportsandpeting Imports
Figure5、6 -The Factor Content ofCanada'sExportsand petingImports
5、Dofactor pricesequalize internationally?
(国际间要素价格会均等吗?
)
Althoughwestill donotseefullfactor-price equalizationin therealworld,there appeartobea tendencytowardinternationalfactor-priceequalization、(尽管在现实世界我们仍然没有瞧到完全得要素价格均等化,但就是似乎存在一种要素价格均等化得趋势)
ChapterSix(第六章)
ScaleEconomies,Imperfectpetition,andTrade
(规模经济,不完全竞争与贸易)
1、Economiesof scale(规模经济)
(1)Internaleconomies ofscale(内部规模经济)
Internalscaleeconomies:
Expansionofthesizeoftheindividualfirm isthebasis for the declineinaveragecostasthefirm’sproductionquantityincreases、
(2)External economiesofscale(外部规模经济)
Externalscale economies oragglomerationeconomies:
expansion ofthesizeof theindustry within asp
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