违反合作原则的20个samples.docx
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违反合作原则的20个samples.docx
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违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例
合作原则共包含四大准则,其下又分为若干小则,格莱斯曾指出,反语〔irony〕、隐喻〔metaphor〕、夸X〔hyperbole〕和缓叙〔meiosis〕都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象,现根据四大准则进行举例分析.
合作原则CooperativePrinciple
〔一〕量的准则MaximofQuantity
(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired <2>所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired. Forexample, 1.Earl: Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin. Max: What? Iamgoingtomeetyourkid? Earl: Well,oneofthem. Max: "Oneofthem? 〞Howmanydoyouhave? Earl: Sofar? Max: Oh,Earl,Iloveyou. Earl: Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheNo.1ChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof. Analyze: ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifMaxwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered"Sofar? 〞,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage"ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.〞Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyoftheirconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere. 2.Caroline: OhmyGod! Isheyourfather? Max: Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk. Analyze: ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.CarolineaskedifthemancameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer"Yes〞butaddonemoresentence"Andmymotherispieceofchalk.〞whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor. 3.柳小姐之夫: 老婆,请问一下你会不会打我? 柳小姐: 我干嘛要打你啊? 你又没做错事.如果我要真的打你的话,一定就是你做错事了.从现在开始,你只许疼我一个人,要宠我,不能骗我,答应我的每一件事情都要做到,对我讲的每一句话都要真心,不许欺负我、骂我,要相信我.别人欺负我,你要在第一时间出来帮我,我开心呢,你要陪着我开心;我不开心呢,你要哄我开心.永远觉得我是最漂亮的,梦里面也要见到我,在你的心里只有我! 就是这样喽! 〔出自电影《河东狮吼》〕 Analyze: Inthisconversation,Mrs.Liuhadobeyedthemaximofquantity,thecontentofheranswerwasoverthequestionrequests.However,theextramessageofheranswershowsthetruerequirementsofMr.Liu,alsomakestheaudiencesrealizeMrs.Liu’spersonality. 4.Atouristhailedabusatarequeststopandaskedtheconductor,"What’sthefaretoRegent’sPark? 〞 "5pence,〞saidtheconductor. Thetouristdidn’tgetonthebus,butinsteadranalongbehinditafteritpulledaway.Ashemetthebusagainatthenextstop,hepanted,"What’sthefaretoRegent’sParknow? 〞 "10pence,〞saidtheconductor,"You’rerunningthewrongway.〞 Analyze: Inthisfunnystory,thetouristwasaniggard,triedtosavemoneybyrunningafterbusandshortingthedistancetohisdestination.Atfirst,heaskedthefaretohisdestinationandwastold"5pence〞;butafterherantiredoutandaskedagain,thenwastoldthefarehadrisenandheranthewrongdirectionofhisdestination.It’sascribedtothefirsttime,theconductordidnottelldetailstothetourist,broughtamisunderstandingtothetouristandthereaders: asthetouristranmorethathecouldsavedmoremoney.Hence,thehiatusoftheconversationmakesamisunderstanding,theconductorobeyedthemaximofquantity,deceivedthestingytouristbyomittingnecessaryinformationadvisedly. 5.Liz: Jon,there’ssomethingimportantIneedtoaskyou.SomethingthatIwouldn’taskmostguyswhocomeinhere. Jon: Wait,no! IthinkIknowwherethisisgoing. Liz: Youdo? Jon: Ido.Liz,I’vewantedtoaskyouthesamethingforaverylongtime. Liz: Areyousurethatwe’retalkingaboutthesamething? Jon: Absolutely.Yeah,uh,I’veneverbeenmoresureofanythinginmyentirelife. Jon: Liz,Iamreadytotakeachance.Iamreadyfor... Liz: Thankyou. Jon: Adog! Adog! I’mreadyforadog. Analyze: Inaboveconversation,LizonlysaidshehadsomethingtoaskJonbutdidn’tclearthedetailsofit.AndJonwasimpatienttolistentilltheend,andthensaidheknewthecontentofthat"something〞.UntilLizheldadogneededtobeadoptedcameout,Jonrealizedhehadmisunderstood.Apparently,Jondidn’tgetenoughinformationfromLiz,sohemisunderstoodherandviolatedthemaximofquantityaccidentally,whichmakesthistalkdramatically. <二〕质原则〔MaximofQuantity>: <1>不要说自知虚假的话.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse <2>不要说证据不足的话.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence. Forexamples: 1.ThefollowingisanAD: FeedingYourBodyandStarvingYourHair? AussieHairinsuranceisaleave-in,multi-vitaminandmineralconditioninghairsupplementthatcannourishyourhairfromwithin. ...... Ifyourhairisdry,frizzyorunmanageable...,maybeit’sjusthungry! Analyze: Theslogan"Starving〞oftheADusuallyusedtodescribinghuman`saspirationoffood.However,thisADusedthewordtodescribehairwasobeyedthemaximofquality,givingtheobviousfakeinformationtopeopletoattractthem,bythis,thisviolationbecomesmeaningful. 2.ThefollowingisanAD: Sophisticated, Sweet-to-drinkPinkLady Analyze: ThisADslogancreatedametaphorbyobeyingthemaximofquality."PinkLady〞isabrandofdeluxewine,theword"Sophisticated〞meanssuperior.But"Sophisticated〞generallyusestoembellishingapersonbutotherthings,soitbreaksthemaximofqualityindeed.Ontheotherhand,"PinkLady〞alsomeansbeautifullady,sothattheusingof"Sophisticated〞wasreasonable;andyetthe"Sweet-to-drink〞wouldviolatethemaximofquality.Duetothesetwofoldviolations,thisADshowsaverydifferentsense: ifwecomparethewinetobeautifullady,thatwouldbefairyandelegant.TheADmixedthemup,therebyappealingreaderstodreamingaboutthiswinebrand.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofquality,itwinstheattentionofcostumers. 3.Thefollowingisasloganinashoesshop: Aroomfor5toes Analyze: Thesloganisagreatparallelism.Roomsarethespaceforpeopledoingactivities,andshoesarethespacefortoestostay,thatisthesimilarityofthesetwo.Bythissimilarity,readerscaneasilyunderstandthemeaningoftheslogan;moreover,roomsgivepeopletheimpressionaboutcomfortableandsafe,sotheshoesdo.Thus,readersassociatefromtheroomstotheshoes——bothareshelters,thendeepintotheirsimilarity——bothgivingprotection.Withthedesireofbeprotected,peoplewillbewillingtobuytheshoes.Ifchangesthe"room〞to"box〞or"pot〞,readerscanunderstandthemeaningtoo,butitcannotcreateaemotionalassociationtobeasuccessfulmetaphor,whichonlybreakthemaximofqualitybutnottobeagoodAD. 4.韦小宝: 各位观众,谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书,真是太给面子啦.今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南,所谓平生不见陈近南,便称英雄也枉然.他身高八尺,腰围也是八尺. 众人: 哇! 那岂不是四方了吗? 韦小宝: 四方就四方,一样米养百样人,八角形的都有.我告诉你! 他武功的名堂呢,称之为"九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌〞! 一掌打出,方圆百里之内,不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤,全部化成了飞灰啊! 〔出自电影《鹿鼎记》〕 Analyze: Accordingthemaximofquality,Weishouldanswerthequestionhonestlybasedthetruthbuthisownimagination.Withthishyperboleexpression,Weiattractedpeople’sattentionresourcefully,althoughheviolatedthemaximofquality. 5.Duringtheheightofaparticularlysevereair-raidinLondonin1940,thestaffofalargebuildingwastakingshelterinthebasement.Theraidhadbeenonprogressforseveralhoursandbombswerestillfalling.Suddenlyoneofthetypistssaidtoherfriend,"comeon,Gladys,I’mnotstoppinghereanylonger.It’s5o’clock.It`stimetogohome,raidornotraid.〞 Outtheywentbutwithinacoupleofminutestheywerebackagain. "Changeyourmind? 〞askedoneoftheothertypists. "Yes,〞saidthefirstgirl."We’venoumbrellaandit’spouringwithrainoutside.〞 Analyze: Thesetwogirlsinthisstorycouldnotstandtheendlessair-raidandstayedatthebasementanylonger,andoneofthemdecidedtogohome,nomattertheair-raidendornot.Maybewewillthinkthatgirlisabraveone,however,shebacked,saidbecauseofshehadnoumbrellaandoutsidewererainpouringthatcouldnotleave.Theendingofthisstoryisreallyironical,thegirlissobravethatcanignorethedeath,butstoppingbytherain;thehugecontrastofthatgirl’simageshasproducedaclownishreaction.Thereasonthestorycanproduceaclownishreactionisitignoringthedangerousconceptionbutemphasizingthenegligiblethings <三〕关系原则〔MaximofRelation〕: 要有关联,要切合题. Berelevant,andconnectingtothetheme. Forexamples: 1.Scene: Maxwasservingthecustomer Max: Hi,readytoorder? Customer: Doyouhaveanythingthat’srealspecial? Max: Notaccordingmyhighschoolguidancecounselor. Analyze: Maxisaskingifthecustomerreadytoorderfood,andthecustomerwantstoknowiftherestauranthasanyspecialdish.What’sforfun,Maxmisinterpretsthemeaningpurposelytoviolatethemaximofrelation,andhelpstheaudiencesrealizethefunnypoint. 2.Tworatherdeafoldgentlemenweretravelingontheunderground.AsthetraindrewintoWembleyStation,oneofthemshouted, "IsthisWembley? 〞 "No,〞shoutedtheother,"it’sThursday! 〞 "Whatdidyousay? 〞 "Thursday————Thursday! 〞 "Yes,soamI,shallwegetoffhereandhaveadrink? 〞 Analyze: Fromtheaboveconversationweknowthatthosetwooldgentlemenarebothdeaf,sotheycannotheareachotherclearly.OneofthemaskediftherewastheWembleyStation,anotherheardasiftodaywasWednesday,becausethepronunciationof"Wembley〞arecloseto"Wednesday〞.Thentheonewhoanswered"Thursday〞hadrepeatedhisansweroverandoveragain,madethefirstoneofthemthoughtthatmanwasthirsty,sohesuggestedtogetofftohaveadri
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