智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑.docx
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智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑.docx
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文献信息:
文献标题:
Conceptualfoundationsforunderstandingsmarttourismecosystems(理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础)
国外作者:
UlrikeGretzel,HannesWerthner,ChulmoKoo,CarlosLamsfus文献出处:
《ComputersinHumanBehavior》,2015,50(C):
558-563
字数统计:
英文2250单词,13270字符;中文4336汉字
外文文献:
Conceptualfoundationsforunderstandingsmarttourism
ecosystems
AbstractUsingdigitalecosystemsandsmartbusinessnetworksasconceptualbuildingblocks,thispaperdefines,describesandillustratestheideaofasmarttourismecosystem(STE). Itfurther draws onconceptualizationsof smarttechnologies,smartcitiesandsmarttourismtoenvisionnewwaysinwhichvalueiscreated,exchangedandconsumedintheSTE.TechnologiesessentialtothefunctioningofanSTEaredescribedanditisarguedthatdataemergingfromthesetechnologiesarethedriverfornewbusinessmodels,interactionparadigmsandevennewspecies.Criticalquestionsregardingtheneedforregulatoryinterventionandinnovativeresearchareraised.
Keywords:
Smarttourism;Valuecreation;Smarttechnologies;Openinnovation;Sharingeconomy;Tourismexperience
TouristicEcosystem
Ecosystemsaregenerallydefinedascommunitiesofinteractingorganismsandtheirenvironments(TheFreeDictionary,2015),andaretypicallydescribedascomplexnetworksformedbecauseofresourceinterdependencies.McCormack(2011)explainsthatecosystems, likeother kindsofsystems, are comprisedof elements,
interconnectionsandafunction/purpose,butarespecialtypesofsystemsinthattheirelementsareintelligent,autonomous,adaptiveagentsthatoftenformcommunitiesandalsobecauseofthewaytheyadapttoelementsbeingaddedorremoved.Boleyand Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems:
(1)interaction/engagement;
(2)balance;(3)looselycoupledactorswithsharedgoals;and,
(4)self-organization.Thismeansthatinecosystemsindividualagentsorgroupsofagentsproactivelyformsymbioticrelationshipstoincreaseindividualbenefitsandtoachievesharedgoals;thatlocalinteractionsdeterminetheglobalbehaviororstateofthesystem;and,thatbalanceisneededtopreventsystemcollapse.Therelationshipsandinterdependenciesensurethatresourcesareconsumedeffectivelyandsustainably.Consideringecosystemsintheir entiretyrather than centering onspecificactors/elementsallowsformoreholisticperspectives,recognizesthatsmallchangescanhavesubstantialeffects,encouragesafocusoncomplexrelationships,emphasizesdynamicchange,andacknowledgestheimportanceofthephysicalenvironmentorinfrastructurethatsupportsthesystem.
Appliedtothebusinessworld,theterm‘‘ecosystem’’isusedtodescribetherelationships among economic entities (producers, distributors, consumers,governmentagencies,etc.)that,throughcompetitionand/orcooperation,facilitatethecreationanddistributionofaproductorservice(Investopedia,2015).Thereisageneralunderstandingthattheenvironmentinwhichtheseentitiesoperate,i.e.inandthroughwhichtheyproduce,exchangeandconsumevalue,israpidlychangingandrequirestheirrelationshipstoco-evolve.Moore(1993)stressedthatsuchaneconomiccommunityoftenfacesthearrivalofnewspecies,whichrequiresrealignmentandredefinitionoftherelationshipsthatunderpinthesystem.Whilesuchnewspeciescanemergeoutofnowherethroughgeneticmutations,itismoreoftentheenvironmentalchangesthatcauseoratleastfacilitatedramaticshiftsinpoweroverresources.
Theideaofatouristicecosystemisnothingnewastheproductionofthesetouristicexperienceshasalwaysrequiredextensivecoordinationandcollaborationamongdifferentindustryplayersandgovernmentagencies(Mill&Morrison,2002).Howlooselycoupledtheseagentstypicallyarecanbeexemplifiedbythedifficultyin
definingwhatplayersactuallybelongtothetourismindustryandinmeasuringtheeconomicvaluecontributedbytourism.Theextensiverelianceondigitalinfrastructureofsuchtourismsystemshasalsobeenlongacknowledged(Sheldon,1997).ThebothdisruptiveandcreativepoweroftechnologicalinnovationwithintourismecosystemshasbeendiscussedforbothWeb
1.0(Werthner&Klein,1999)andWeb2.0(Benckendorff,Sheldon, &Fesenmaier,2014).Informationandcommunicationtechnologieshavebeenessentialintourismecosystemsforconnectingthedifferentplayersthataddvaluetotheexperience.WerthnerandKlein(1999)illustratedthefundamentaltechnology-supportedtourismvaluechainanditscomponents(Fig.1),withtheInternetmakingitpossibletocompletelycircumventtraditionaldistributionchannels.
Fig.1.Thetourismsystemasatechnology-supportedvaluechain(Werthner&Klein,1999).
Aspecialcharacteristicofatourismecosystemistheimmensenumberofmicroorganisms(smallo
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