微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx

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微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释

Chapter1

businesscycle经济周期

fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction

economics经济学;经济，国家的经济状况

thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce缺乏的，罕见的resources

efficiencyn.功效;效率，效能;实力，能力;[物]性能;

thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources

equalityn.同等，平等;[数]相等，等式;

thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety

externality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性

theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander旁观者;局外人;看热闹的人

incentive

somethingthatinducesapersontoact

Inflation[ɪn'fleɪʃ（ə）n]

anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

marginalchanges

smallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofaction

marketeconomy

aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;人口疏散;密度分散;decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices

marketfailure

asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配，分派;把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt]resourcesefficiently

marketpower

theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orsmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices

opportunitycost

whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

productivity

thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput

propertyrights

theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources

rationalpeople

peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives

scarcity

thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources

Chapter2

circular-flowdiagram

avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;家庭，户andfirms

macroeconomics[,mækrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks;-ek-]

thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

microeconomics[,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks

thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets

normative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements

claimsthatattempttoprescribe定，规定;指定，规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb]howtheworldshouldbe

positivestatements

claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

productionpossibilitiesfrontier['frʌntɪə）

agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology

Chapter3

absoluteadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer

comparativeadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer

exports

goodsproduceddomestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的andsoldabroad

imports

goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

opportunitycost

whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

Chapter4

competitivemarket完全竞争市场

amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['selə]tradingidentical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker

Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother

demandcurve需求曲线

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

demandschedule需求表

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

Equilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]

均衡

asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded

equilibriumprice均衡价格

thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded

equilibriumquantity

thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice

inferiorgood

劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə]

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand

lawofdemand

需求原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupply

供给原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupplyanddemand

theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance

market

agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice

normalgood

普通商品

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand

quantitydemanded需求量

theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase

quantitysupplied

theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell

shortage

asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied

substitutes

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother

supplycurve

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

supplyschedule

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

surplus['sɜ:

pləs]

asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Chapter5

cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood

elasticity[,ilæ'stɪsəti]

n.

弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;

ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants

incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome

priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

totalrevenue（inamarket）总收入;总收益

theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold

Chapter6

priceceiling['siːlɪŋ]

alegalmaximum['mæksɪməm]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

pricefloor

alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

taxincidence['ɪnsɪd（ə）ns]

themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket

Chapter7

consumer[kən'sjuːmə]surplus

['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余

theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['maɪnəs]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit

cost

thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood

efficiency

thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources

equality

thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety

producersurplus

theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit

welfareeconomics

thestudyofhowtheallocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being

willingnesstopay受益者负担

themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

Chapter8

Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失

thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;多余的[ˈsɜ:

rpləs]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən],suchasatax

Chapter9

tariff

n.

关税;关税表;价格表

ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

worldprice

thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

Chapter10

Coasetheorem['θɪərəm]科斯定理

thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown

correctivetax矫正税

ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality

externality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]

n.

外形;外在性;外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应

theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander

internalizingtheexternality内化

alteringincentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions

transaction[træn'zækʃən]交易costs

thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain

Chapter11

clubgoods

goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption

commonresources

goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;包括在外的;

∙cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析

astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

excludability[ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性

thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit

freerider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利;

apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit

privategoods

goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption

publicgoods

goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption

rivalryinconsumption消费竞争

thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse

TragedyoftheCommons 公共地悲剧

aparable寓言;格言;thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole

Chapter12

ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;

theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden

averagetaxrate

totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

benefitsprinciple