客户盈利能力分析中英文外文翻译文献.docx
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客户盈利能力分析中英文外文翻译文献.docx
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客户盈利能力分析中英文外文翻译文献
客户盈利能力分析外文文献翻译
(含:
英文原文及中文译文)
文献出处:
RaaijEMV,VernooijMJA,TriestSV.Theimplementationofcustomerprofitabilityanalysis:
Acasestudy[J].IndustrialMarketingManagement,2003,32(7):
573-583.
英文原文
Theimplementationofcustomerprofitabilityanalysis:
Acasestudy
RaaijEMV,VernooijMJA,TriestSV
Abstract
Byusingcustomerprofitabilityanalysis(CPA),firmscandeterminetheprofitcontributionofcustomersegmentsand/orindividualcustomers.ThisarticlepresentsanapproachfortheimplementationofCPA.Theimplementationprocessisillustratedusingacasestudyofafirmproducingandsellingprofessionalcleaningproducts.ThecasestudyhighlightsspecificissuesrelatedtoCPAinanindustrialsetting,andtheresultsprovideexamplesofthepossiblebenefitsofimplementingaprocessofregularCPA.D2003ElsevierScienceInc.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:
Customerprofitability;Customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM);Implementation;Casestudy
1.Introduction
Withinanygivencustomerbase,therewillbedifferencesintherevenuescustomersgenerateforthefirmandinthecoststhefirmhastoincurtosecurethoserevenues.Whilemostfirmswillknowthecustomerrevenues,manyfirmsareunawareofallcostsassociatedwithcustomerrelationships.Ingeneral,productcostswillbeknownforeachcustomer,butsalesandmarketing,service,andsupportcostsaremostlytreatedasoverhead.Customerprofitabilityanalysis(CPA)referstotheallocationofrevenuesandcoststocustomersegmentsorindividualcustomers,suchthattheprofitabilityofthosesegmentsand/orindividualcustomerscanbecalculated.
TheimpetusfortheincreasingattentionforCPAistwofold.First,theriseofactivity-basedcosting(ABC)inthe1990sledtoanincreasedunderstandingofthevaryingextenttowhichthemanufacturingofdifferentproductsusedafirm’sresources(Cooper&Kaplan,1991;Foster&Gupta,1994).WhenusingABC,firmsfirstidentifycostpools:
categoriesofactivitiesperformedwithintheorganization(e.g.,procurement).
Second,informationtechnologymakesitpossibletorecordandanalyzemorecustomerdata—bothintypeandinamount.Asdatasuchasnumberoforders,numberofsalesvisits,numberofservicecalls,etc.arestoredattheleveloftheindividualcustomer,itbecomespossibletoactuallycalculatecustomerprofitability.
Itisconsideredgoodindustrialmarketingpracticetobuildandnurtureprofitablerelationshipswithcustomers.Tobeabletodothis,afirmshouldknowhowcurrentcustomerrelationshipsdifferinprofitability,aswellaswhatcustomersegmentsofferhigherpotentialforfutureprofitablecustomerrelationships.
2.ThepotentialbenefitsofCPA
ThedirectbenefitsofCPAlieintheinsightitprovidesintheunevendistributionofcostsandrevenuesovercustomers.Theinformationonthespreadofcostsamongcustomerswillbevaluableinparticular,asthedistributionofrevenueswillgenerallybeknowntothefirm.Thisinsightintheextenttowhichspecificcustomersconsumethefirm’sresourcesgeneratesnewopportunitiesforthefirminthreeareas:
costmanagement,revenuemanagement,andstrategicmarketingmanagement.
First,CPAuncoversopportunitiesfortargetedcostmanagementandprofitimprovementprograms.Publishedfiguresshowexampleswhere20%ofcustomersgenerate225%ofprofits(Cooper&Kaplan,1991),wheremorethanhalfofthecustomersisunprofitable(Storbacka,1997)orwherethelossonacustomercanbeashighas2.5timessalesrevenue(Niraj,Gupta,&Narasimhan,2001).CPA,asaspecificapplicationofABC,revealsthelinksbetweenactivitiesandresourceconsumption,anditthereforepointsdirectlytoprofitopportunities(Cooper&Kaplan,1991).Second,CPAprovidesabasisforwell-informedpricingdecisions,bonusplans,anddiscountstocustomers.Itshowswhyfillingsomeorderscostmorethanothersandenablesfirmstohavetheirpricesreflectthosedifferences(Shapiroetal.,1987).Theanalysisoutcomesmayalsohelpinrevisingexistingdiscountingstructurestoimproveprofitability(cf.Kalafatis&Denton,2000).
Third,CPAopensuppossibilitiesforsegmentationandtargetingstrategiesbasedoncostandprofitabilityprofiles.Somecompanieshavesegmentedtheircustomerbaseinplatinum,gold,iron,andleadcustomers,basedontheircontributionstoprofits.
ThesepotentialbenefitsofCPAarefrequentlycitedintheliterature.YettheissuesarisinginactuallyimplementingCPAareseldomdiscussed.Inthenextsection,anoverallapproachfortheimplementationofCPAispresented.
3.AnoverallapproachforimplementingCPA
TheactualcalculationofcustomerprofitabilityamountstoanextensiveABCexercise.TomakeCPAreallyuseful,theimplementationshouldgofurtherthandrawingupacustomerprofitabilitymodelandpluggingdataintoit,asthevalueoftheanalysisisintheactionsbasedonbetterinformeddecision-making.Therefore,asix-stepapproachtoimplementingCPAissuggested.Thisapproach,outlinedinFig.1,providesadirectiveforateamconsistingofatleastamarketerandamanagementaccountant.Dependingonthecharacteristicsofthefirmanditsinformationsystems,theteamcanalsoincludeoperationsmanagersandinformationspecialists.
ThesixthandfinalstepdealswithestablishingthenecessaryinfrastructureforthecontinueduseofCPA.EmbeddingCPAinthedailyroutinesofsalesandmarketingandaccountingmaywellnecessitatechangesinprocedures(e.g.,marketingplanning),changesinresponsibilities,andchangesinsystems(e.g.,informationsystems).Thenextsectionpresentstheapplicationofthissix-stepapproachinabusiness-to-businesssetting.
4.TheimplementationofCPAinanindustrialcleaningfirm
Thecaseorganizationisoneofthenationalsalesofficesofamultinationalfirmthatengagesinthedevelopment,production,sales,andmarketingofprofessionalcleaningproducts(chemicals,cleaningsystems,andconsumables).Amongthefirm’smainmarketsareindustriallaundry,officecleaning,hotelcleaning,kitchenhygiene,andpersonalhygiene.Itsproductsaresolddirectly(tolargeend-userssuchasin-flightcaterersandtoserviceintegratorssuchasprofessionalcleaners),aswellasthroughdistributors.Thefirmhasdivideditsmarketintomarketsectorsbasedonthenatureoftheend-user(e.g.,healthcare,lodging,ordairy).Aswithmanyindustrialfirms,thisfirmemploysaconsiderablesalesandserviceforce.Thesalesforceisresponsiblefortheinitiation,maintenance,anddevelopmentofcustomerrelationships.Theserviceforceisresponsiblefororderprocessing,customertraining,advice,productdemonstrations,maintenance,andrepair.
Proceduresarealsopartoftheinfrastructure.Toimprovetheaccuracyoffuturecustomerprofitabilityfigures,thesalesmanagersandaccountmanagerswererequestedtostartregisteringthedurationoftheircustomervisits.Intheabsenceofsucharegistrationinthefirstroundofanalysis,salescostswereallocatedtocustomersasapercentageofrevenues.Thewillingnessofthesalesforcetorecordtheirtimespentforcustomerswashigh,astheyunderstoodtheimportanceofthisinformationforaccurateanalysesofcustomerprofitability.
5.LearningfromCPA
Theexercisedescribedabovewasthisfirm’sfirstexperiencewithCPA.AsWardandRyals(2001)suggest,themosteffectiveapproachforattainingaccuratevaluationsofcustomerrelationshipsisaniterativeapproachinwhichacustomerprofitabilitymodelisprogressivelyimplementedintheorganization.Thismeansthat,witheachcycle,themodelistobeimproveduntilthecalculationsaresufficientlyaccurateformarketingpurposes.Forthisfirm,thefirstimprovementforthenextiterationconcernstheregistrationofsalesforcehourstoallocatesalescostsmoreaccurately.IthasfurtherdecidedtorepeattheCPAexerciseevery6monthsandimplementimprovementsalongtheway.Forthefirm,theexercisehassparkedlearningonthreedifferentlevels:
Onthefirst,andmostbasiclevel,thefirmhaslearnedwhateachcustomer’slastyearcontributionhasbeentothefirm’soperatingincomeandhowthisinformationcanbeusedforcostmanagement,revenuemanagement,andmarketingmanagement.Second,thefirmislearninghowrevenuesandcostsarebestallocatedtoindividualcustomers.Thefirstattemptdescribedinthisarticleisonlythestartofacontinuousimprovementofsuchallocationmethods.Andthird,thefirmislearningwhatthevariousfactorsarethatdeterminethevalueofeachindividualcustomer(customerprofitabilitybeingbutoneofthosefactors).
6.Discussion
ThereareafewthingsyoushouldknowaboutCPAusers.First,CPAnumbersareconstructedfrommultipledatasources.Theaccuracyofthesedatasourceslimitsthepossibleaccuracyofcustomerprofitabilityfigures.Inaddition,theCPAmodelmustbeagoodrepresentationofactualprocessing.
TheCPAexercisereportedhereisaretrospectiveanalysis,whichisanexampleofananalysisofpastrevenuesandcostsincurredbycustomersinaparticularcycle.Managerswillalsobeinterestedinprospectivecustomerprofitanalysis.Thequasi-CPAcalculatesthenetpresentvalueofthefutureexpectedcostsandrevenuesassociatedwithservingthecustomerthroughouthisfuturelife.TheQuasi-AccountantOfficeisalsoknownasthecustomerlifetimevalueanalysis.Tobeabletoestimatefuturecostsandbenefits,andtheanalysisofcustomerprofitabilityisavaluable,ifnotnecessary,firststep.
7.Conclusion
Inthiscase,asix-stepapproachtoimplementingCPAwithinthecompany.Costsandrevenueshouldbeallocatedtotheonlyactivecustomer,whic
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