英语专业爱默生论文.docx
- 文档编号:5506876
- 上传时间:2022-12-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:37.09KB
英语专业爱默生论文.docx
《英语专业爱默生论文.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语专业爱默生论文.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语专业爱默生论文
5、铁生锈变成了铁锈,这是一种化学变化。
水分和氧气是使铁生锈的原因。
答:
燃烧的蜡烛变得越来越短,发光发热并伴有气体生成。
8、地球自转一周的时间是一天;地球公转一周的时间是一年;月球公转一周的时间是农历一个月。
23、我国是世界上公认的火箭的发源地,早在距今1700多年前的三国时代的古籍上就出现了“火箭”的名称。
在铁制品表面涂上油漆或菜油,用完铁制品后擦干放在干燥的地方等。
二、问答:
答:
火柴燃烧、铁钉生锈、白糖加热等。
20、对生活垃圾进行分类、分装,这是我们每个公民的义务。
只要我们人人参与,养成良好的习惯,我们周围的环境一定会变得更加清洁和美丽。
19、夏季是观察星座的好季节,天空中有许多亮星,其中人们称之为“夏季大三角”的是天津四、织女星和牛郎星。
它们分别属于天鹅座、天琴座、天鹰座。
3、米饭里面的主要成分是淀粉。
米饭淀粉遇到碘酒,颜色变成蓝色,这种蓝色物质是一种不同于米饭和淀粉的新物质。
Abstract
RalphWaldoEmerson(1803—1882)isanoutstandingthinker,writer,lecturerintheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.HisTranscendentalistIndividualismwascalledthemostimportantmundanereligionandhewascalledtherepresentativeoftheAmericantranscendentalistmovement.Emerson’sIndividualismwasformedunderacertaineconomic,politicalandreligiousbackground.Thethoughtsaboutspirits,personalcharacters,andself-reliancehadmuchinfluencedthereligion,theculture,thesocietyofAmerica.
Thecoreofhisthinkingis“self-reliance”or“independence”—thatisculturalnationalindependencefortheUnitedStates,literarilyindividualindependenceforwritersandreligiousindependencefromthechurch.Asfarasliteratureisconcerned,inabroadsense,Emersonplaceshisemphasisonnationalismratherthancolonialism,advocatingtheAmericanliterature:
typicalAmericancontentandAmericanstyle.Inanarrowsense,Emersonputshisstressontheindividualinsteadofthegroup.Heassertsthatthereisagreatnessineverybodythatneedsonlytobesetfree,soeveryAmericanwritershouldtrusthimself,respecthimselfandwriteaccordingtohisownprinciplesandinhisownpeculiarway.
Thisthesisisdividedintothreeparts.ChapteroneistalkingaboutthegeneralintroductionofEmerson.ChaptertwoexplainsthemainideaofEmerson.ChapterthreeexplainsEmerson’sfourstepsofSelf-Reliance:
stepone,todisengageoneselffromtheinfluenceofothers’opinions;steptwo,totrustinstinctmoreandreasonedjudgmentless;stepthree,toactivatesomekindofselectingprinciplewithinthenewlyliberatedperson;andstepfour,self-reliantaction.Emerson’sideaofself-reliance,leadstothefinalformationofnationalliteratureofAmerica.TheprofoundinfluenceofitcouldbefoundinthethemesandformsemployedbythesucceedingAmericanwriterssuchasWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,RalphElisionandsoon.
Keywords:
RalphWaldoEmerson,transcendentalism,self-reliance
摘要
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)是19世纪美国著名的思想家、演说家和诗人,超验主义的代表人物,其超验个人主义观点被誉为美国世俗宗教,林肯总统称其为“美国精神的先知”。
他的超验个人主义思想,是在特定经济、政治和宗教环境下形成的,重视精神、张扬个性、相信人的潜力、主张自助,这些思想对美国的宗教、文化、民主社会都有着深远的影响。
他的思想核心就是“自立”,即文化上的民族自立,文学上的个性自强和宗教上“精神至上”。
就文学而言,从广义上讲,爱默生强调的是民族的独立,发展具有鲜明民族特色的美国文学,显示地地道道的美国风格。
从狭义上讲,爱默生强调的是个性自强,即每一个人,每一个作家,每一位诗人都应该相信自己,尊重自己,有自己的创作法则,有自己独特的写作和鉴赏风格。
本文主要分为三部分。
第一部分着重介绍爱默生以及他的成就。
第二部分主要分析爱默生的主要观点。
第三部分主要介绍爱默生提出的人走向“自立”的四个步骤。
第一个步骤是要让自己摆脱别人的意见的影响。
第二个步骤是要多相信本能直觉,少信任推理判断。
第三个步骤是从陈规中解放出来后,要有选择性的激活内心的某种原则。
最后一步就是要采取自立的行动。
爱默生强调自由的思想促使美国民族意识高涨,使美国文人开始正视自己,正视自己的民族,催化了美国民族文学的最终形成,并且对后世作家的创作主题和形式产生了深远的影响。
关键词:
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生,超验主义,自立
CONTENTS
.AConciseIntroductiontoEmerson
1.1RalphWaldoEmerson
1.1.1BiographicalIntroduction
EmersonwasthemostoutstandingAmericanessayistinthe19thcentury.In1803,hewasborninaclergyman’sfamilyinBostonandraisedbyhismotherandaunt.Atthetimewhenhewasborn,Americawaslivelybutdisordered.Somepeoplewereawareoftheappearanceofnewpower,butnobodycouldexpressitclearlyanddirectly.America,fromtheearly1800stotheCivilWar,wasalandofparadoxes,alandstirredbyspiritualdreamsandshapedbytherealityofagrowingmaterialism.Materialistsdemandfactsandevidenceandinsistonthe“animaldemandofman”;Materialistsjudgeobjectsbyappearance,size,andnumber:
“larger”or“more”means“better”(Abrams,1986).
Theagehadrejectedtheruinedpromiseandstalewisdomitsawinthe18thcenturyrationalism.Americanshadsoughtnewlibertyandnewthoughtsinlifeandart,buttheexcessesandconflictsoftheirsocietyhadculminatedinthebloodyCivilWar.
EmersonenteredHarvardUniversitywhenhewas14yearsold.Duringthisperiod,hereadalargenumberofbooksaboutBritainromanticismwhichenrichedhisthoughts.Threeyearslater,hegraduatedfromHarvardUniversityandbecameateacherfortwoyears.In1826,heenteredseminaryofHarvardandformallyappointedasapriestin1829.However,heresigned3yearslaterbecauseoftworeasons.Thefirstreasonwasthathewasunsatisfiedwiththedogma.Andtheotherreasonwasthathiswifewasdiedofillness.ThenhetraveledinEuropeandgottoknowsomeoutstandingwriters.Hewasdeeplyattractedbyromanticismandgraduallyformedhisowntranscendentalism.In1834,hereturnedtohiscountryandthenmethissecondwifeinConcord.Inthefollowingtime,hepublishedNaturethatincludesalmostallhisimportantthoughts.Fromthattimeon,hemadeaddresseseverywherepubliclyandgraduallybecameafamousscholarinAmerica(Allen,1981).Emersonlikedtoholdasmallpartywithhisfriendsandmadediscussionabouttheology,philosophyandsociology.Atthattime,suchkindofpartywascalledtranscendentalismclub.Naturally,EmersonbecametheleaderoftranscendentalismandofcoursehewasresponsibleforbringingtranscendentalismtoEngland.
1.1.2MajorAchievements
TheattitudesofEmersonwereshapedbytheNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.AnewromanticismhadappearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcentury.ItspreadtocontinentalEuropeandthencametoAmericaearlyinthe19thcentury.Itwaspluralistic;itsmanifestationswereasvaried,asanindividualistic,andasconflictingastheculturesandtheintellectsfromwhichitsprang.Yetromanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:
moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception.
EmersoncollectshisspeechmaterialsandwritesabookcalledEssays,includingSelf-reliance,Love,andFriendshipandsoon.Emerson’sEssaysspeakshighlyofthemanwhoshouldtrusttheirownideas.Headvocatesthatamanshoulddevelopthenationalprideandopposetofollowtheothers’saying.AlmostallhisspeecheshaveadeepeffectonAmerica’snationalcivilization.In1837,hepublishedafamousspeechwhichdeclaredthattheAmericanliteraturewasdistinguishedfromBritainliterature.
Heiscertainlythespokesmanoftranscendentalism.TranscendentalismisanAmericanliterary,political,andphilosophicalmovementoftheearlynineteenthcentury,centeredonRalphWaldoEmerson.Transcendentalistsarecriticsoftheircontemporarysocietyforitsunthinkingconformity,andurgethateachpersonfind,inEmerson’swords,“anoriginalrelationtotheuniverse”(1903:
35).
Buell,aministerandTranscendentalist,notesEmerson’sabilitytoinfluenceandinspireothers:
“thebrilliantgeniusofEmersonroseinthewinternights,andhungoverBoston,drawingtheeyesofingenuousyoungpeopletolookuptothatgreatnewstart,abeautyandamystery,whichcharmedforthemoment,whilegavealsoperennialinspiration,asitledthemforwardalongnewpaths,andtowardsnewhopes”(2003:
66).
Emersonabandonstheideawhichtakesgodasthecentre.Hebringsthethoughtthatthemancanknowthetruthbyinstinct.Thenhecriesout“BelieveYourself”.Histhoughtsreflecttheadvancingspiritofcapitalismsociety.ThispositivespiritiscalledasAmericanreligionandthenitisregardedasthedevelopmentofnationalspiritofAmerica(Perkins,1999).HeistheclairvoyantoftheAmericanspiritandbelongstoAmerica,Emerson’sideasandworkslargelypromotetheestablishmentandadvancementofAmericannationalspirit.
Emersonbelievesthatmanisapartofabsolutegood.Tolatergenerations,scaredbythehorrorsoftheCivilWar,histhoughtspersuadethathumanityisgodlikeandthatevilisnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly.YetEmerson’sthoughtsarepowerfulexpressionoftheintellectualmoodoftheage,andtheideasithasrepresentedhaveremainedastronginfluenceonAmericanspirit.
.Self-Reliance
2.1GeneralIntroduction
Emerson’sworksdeeplyinfluencereaders,especiallySelf-Reliance,whichisfromEssays.Thisproseiswrittenaccordingtoaseriesofspeechmaterialsbetween1836and1837.Self-Relianceishisimportantworkwhichexpresseshisideaoftranscendentalism.“BelieveYourself”isthecentrepointofSelf-Reliance.Emersonopposesvariousformsofimitationintheworks.Hethinksthemanshouldfirmlybelievethatheisexcellentatanytime.Ifamanisafraidofpublicthought,hewillpossiblylosetheinnovativeabilitywhichisbadforhissuccess.
Ifapersondoesn’twanttolethimorthesocietydown,hemustobeytheprinciplesinhisinnerheart,whilethepeoplewhocomplywiththetradition,authorityorcurrentsystemmeansbreakthisprinciple.TheopinionswhichEmersonexpressesinhisprosearecompletelydifferent.Atthattime,theyagreewiththeAmericanpeople’soptimisticspirit.Aboveall,hebelievesinself-reliance.Hereconstructsthecommonliteratureimagesinwritingskillandendowstheworkswithnewopinions.
Self-reliancebringsconfidenceandenergy,butnotnecessarilycomfortorjoy.Itsmusicisplayedonan“ironstring”.Theimaginationofselvesbecomingreliantisplayedoutagainstthereservationthat“weremainacrostics,puzzlestoourselves”(Christy,1932:
16).Andthepriceoftheenlightenmentmustbeemotionalisolation:
makingitcleartofather,mother,wife,brother,friend,that“Icannotbreakmyselfanylongerforyou”;even“ifyouaretrue,butnotinthesametruthwithme,cleavetoyourcompanions;Iwillse
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语专业 爱默生 论文