1998考研英语.docx
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1998考研英语.docx
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1998考研英语
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIClozeTest
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They1thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe2man.Buttheyinsistedthatits3resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe4oftheEnglishpopulation.5contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla6agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.
Thisview,7,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists8historyandeconomics,have9twothings:
thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was10bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
1.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted
2.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal
3.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate
4.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude
5.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By
6.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely
7.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover
8.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for
9.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated
10.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
Text1
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.
Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.
Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.
Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.
Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.
Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.
11.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat________.
[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality
[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted
[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings(C)
[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight
12.InParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto________.
[A]areasshortofelectricity
[B]damswithoutpowerstations
[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia(D)
[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea
13.Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?
[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.
[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.
[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.(D)
[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.
14.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas________.
[A]“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”
[B]“Morehaste,lessspeed”
[C]“Lookbeforeyouleap”(C)
[D]“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”
Text2
Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?
EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.
Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.
Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:
switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.
Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.
LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancechasing.”
15.Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis________.
[A]notasgoodasitseems
[B]atitsturningpoint
[C]muchbetterthanitseems(A)
[D]neartocompleterecovery
16.Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth________.
[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle
[B]fallshortofbusinessmen’santicipation
[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople(B)
[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy
17.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?
”because________.
[A]hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithoutpain”
[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks
[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading(B)
[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses
18.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
[A]Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.
[B]Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.
[C]Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.(A)
[D]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.
Text3
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.
Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.
Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.
Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.
Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.
FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.
Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofS
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