The Regularity of Nomenclature.docx
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The Regularity of Nomenclature.docx
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TheRegularityofNomenclature
TheRegularityofNomenclature
OfMed.andBiol.Terms
1.词缀法
(1)词根
aem-arterio-bio-cardio-cyt-
denti-gastro-hepato-myelo-myo-
nephro-neural-ocul-nutri-peps-
ossteo-patho-pneumono-tom-,atomtox-
ur-vaso-
(2)前缀
A.基本前缀
anti-antibodyun-unhealthy
im-implantationex-excrete
B.术语前缀
a-afebrilean-anemiades-desinfection
dia-dialvsisdys-dysuriainter-intercellular
hyper-hyperacidityhypo-hypoglycemia
macro-macrophagemicro-microphage
multi-multicellularoligo-oliguria
para-parahepatitistrans-transposition
C.基本后缀
-tiontransplantation-mentmovement
-ifymodify-izeorganize
-ableviable-arycapillary
-lytherapeutically-wardforward
D.术语后缀
-accardiac-cidebactericide
-cyteleucocvte-formcylindriform
-itisappendicitis-algiaarthralgia
-emialeukemia-otomygastrotomy-ectomyhepatectomy-achestomachache
-celemyelocele
2.合成法
pneumo-nomycossalpmgo-oophor-itisnyctalbumin-uriastaphylococc-emiathromboblastosis
hepatocholangioduodenostomy
3.缩略法
AB=asthmaticAb=antobodyab=abortionRC=redcell
AID=acuteinfectiousdiseasepert=pertussis
TheRegularityofNomenclature
ofInorganicCompounds
1.词缀法
A.词根
carbo-mercuri-hydro-mangano-
oxy-sodio-nitro-potassio-
phopho-sulf-ammo-silico-
chloro-cupro-fluoro-ferri-
bromo-ferro-iodo-argent-
B后缀-ic-ous
cupricoxidecupriousoxide
ferricoxideferrousoxide
nitricacidnitrousacid
-ate-ite-ide
chloratechloritechloride
nitratenitritenitride
sulfatesulfitesulfide
C前缀per-per--icacidper--ate
percarbonicacidpercarbonate
peroxynitricacidperoxynitrate
permanganicacidpermanganate
hypo-hypo--icacidhypo--ousacid
hypo--atehypo--ite
hypophosphoricacidhypoiodousacid
hypophosphatehypoiodite
pyro-pyro--icacidpyro--ousacid
pyro--atepyro--ite
pyrophosphoricacidpyrophosphorousacid
pyrophosphatepyrophosphite
meta-meta--icacidmeta--ousacid
meta--atemeta--ite
metaphosphoricacidmetaphosphorousacid
metaphosphatemetaphosphite
mono-bi-tri-tetra-penta-
monooxidebioxidetrisulfidetetrasulfidepentasulfide
sexa-septa-octa-none-deca-2.合成法
chlorhydricacidhydrochloridehydrocarbon
3.缩略法
a.O=oxygenB=boronC=carbonS=sulfur
b.Br.=bromineSi=siliconNa=natriumAl=aluminum
c.Ag=argentumHg=hydrargyrum
d.Feo=ferricoxideKI=kotassiumiodode
TheRegularityofNomenclature
OfOrganicCompounds
1.词缀法
(1)词根
-meth--eth--prop--but--pent
-hex--hept--oct--non--dec-
-undec--dodec--tridec--tetradec--pentadec
-hexadec--heptadec--octadec--nonadec--eicos-
(2)后缀
A.表示烃的后缀
基烷烃烯烃炔烃
化合物名称(ground)(alkane)(alkene)(alkyne)
后缀-yl-ane-eneyne/-ine
e.g.ethylethaneetheneethyne
pentylpentanepentenepentyne
octyloctaneocteneoctyne
B.表示醇、醛、酮、胺的后缀
化合物名称醇醛酮胺
(alcohol)(aldehyde)(ketone)(amine)
后缀-anol-anal-anone-amine
e.g.propanolpropanalpropanonepropylamine
butanolbutanalbutanonebutylamine
C.有机酸后缀-anoic
e.g.methanoicacidethanoicacidbutanoicacid
D.糖类的命名后缀-ose
e.g.methosebiosetriosetetrose
E.酶的确后半缀-asee.g.diataselipase
F.生物碱后缀-inee.g.atropinehyoscyamine
B.表示化学结构的前缀
n-:
normaliso-:
isomerictrans-:
transoid
pri-:
primarysec-:
secondtert-:
tertiary
o-:
orthom-:
metap-:
para
v-:
vicinalunsym-:
unsymmetricalsym-:
symmetrical
S-:
simisterR-:
rectusD-:
dextrorotatory
L-:
laevorotatory
2.合成法
A:
词根
benzenecyanophenylacyl
aminoazoaminediazo
ammoniumazidephenolquino
etherhydrazineketonhydrazone
sterooxime
e.g.methylaminep-dichlorobenzene
methylisobutylketone
3.缩略法
a.DPM:
diphenylmethaneHAB:
p-hydroxyazobenzene
b.alc:
alcoholalk:
alkaliammon:
ammoniacal
c.ac:
acid/aceticacid/acetyl
HF:
hydrofluoricacid/hydrogenfluoride
TheReadingofPackageInsert
Passage1
AMPICILLINIBL
WideSpectrumAntibiotic
Theampicillinisanantibioticthathasbeendrawnbysynthesisofthebasicnucleousofpenicillin,i.e.the6-
aminopenicillanicacidandpresentsaspectrumofactiononGram-positiveandGram-negativegerms,largerthananyotherpreparationofnaturalorsemi-syntheticpenicillin.
Asitisaresistantacid,itiswellabsorbedbyosanditspreadsovertheblood,whereitisfoundinfreeform,thatenablesthebacterialactiontotakeplace.
Theampicillinspreadsrapidlyinthetissuesandthroughtheserousmembranesandiseliminated,quicklyandathighconcentrationsbytheabiliaryandurinarytracts.
INDICATIONS
Infectionsoftherespiratorytracts:
pharingites,sinusites,
otites,bronchites,broncho-pneumoniae,pneumoniae.
Infectionsoftheurinarytracts:
acuteandchroniccystites,urethrites,pyelites,cystopyelites,pyelonephrites.
Intestinalinfections:
gastroenterites,bacillarydysen-tery,salmonellosis.
Infectionsofthebiliarytracts:
cholecystites,angio-cholites
InfectionsbyH.Influenzae.
Miscellaneousinfections:
endocarditesandsepsisbysensitivegerms,gonorrhoea,surgicalinfections,preo-peratingantobiotictreatment.
DOSAGE
Adults:
1capsuleevery4-6hoursforGram-positiveinfections.2capsulesevery2-4hoursforGram-negative
infections.1vialevery6-8-12hoursi.m.
Children:
50-100mgperkiloofbodyweightdaily,subdividedindosesadministeredevery6hours.Thegranulatedformisadvisableforchildrenuptotheageofsix.Itshouldbedilutedinwaterormilk.
I.M.injectionsshouldbeadministeredintheamountof25-50mgdailyperkiloofbodyweight,subdividedintoinjectionsevery6-8-12hour.AmpicillinIBLmaybeadministereddirectlyi.v.in20-30mlofphysiologicalsolutionorinbidistilledwater,orbyphleboclysisin250-500mlofphysiologicalsolution.
Contra-indications:
Theampicilliniscontra-indicated
forpenicillinsensitivepatients.
Theampicillinisinactiveintheinfectionsproducedbypenicillinresistantgerms.
PACKING
Bottleof12capsules250mgand500mg.
Boxof12capsules250mginblister.
Bottleof100capsules250mgand500mg.
Boxof100capsules250mginblisters.
Bottleforpediatricuse(granulated):
20gmgranulatedcontain1gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto100mgampicillin.
Bottleforpediatricuse(granulated):
25gmgranulatedcontain1.5gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto125mgampicillin.
Bottleforadultuse(granulated):
25gmgranulatedcontain3gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto250mgampicillin.
Injectablevialcontaining250mgampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining1.2mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.
Injectablevialcontaining500mgampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining2.5mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.Injectablevialcontaining1gmampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining5mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.
ISSTITUTOBIOCHIMICOITALIANO-MILAN
Passage2.
ADALAT
Highlyeffectivecoronarytherapeuticagent
Composition
1capsulecontains10mg1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethl-4(0-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylieaciddimethylester(nifedipine).
Indications
Adalatisusedforthetreatmentandprophylaxisofacuteandchroniccoronaryinsufficiency(inparticularAnginapectoris,post-infarctionsyndrome)
Action
Theactivesubstance—developedintheBayerresearchlaboratories—wastestedforyearsaccordingtostringent
internationalcriteria.Themostimportantpropertiescon-firmedinthesetrialsare:
Markedlyimprovedoxygensupplytothemyocardium,togetherwithmarkeddecreaseinoxygenrequirement.
Objectiveevidenceofeffectafteroraltreatmenteveninlowdosage.
Favorableratiobetweenintensityanddurationofeffect,andgoodtolerance.
DosageandAdministration
Long-termtreatment:
Unlessotherwiseprescribedbythephysician,theaveragedailydoseis1capsule3timesdaily.Inspecialcases,upto2capsules3timesdailycanbetaken.Thereshouldbeanintervalofatleast2hoursbetweenanytwodoses.Generally,thecapsuleshouldbeswallowedunchewedwithalittleliquid.
Impendinganginalattack:
Ifaparticularlyquickonsetofeffectisrequiredincaseofimpendinganginalattack,thecapsuleshouldbebittenandthepleasanttastingcontentsallowedtoremaininthemouthforashorttime.Owingtocontactwiththebuccalmucosatheactivesubstanceisrapidlyabsorbed.Theemptycapsulecanthenbeswallowed.
Contraindication
Pregnancy.
Sideeffects
Sideeffectsoccureonlyrarelyand,ifatall,intheearlystagesoftreatment.Theyaretransientandusuallymild.Occasionalsymptomsmaybeheadache,heatsensation,nausea,anddizziness.Inpatientssufferingfromdizziness,headache,tirednessornausea,reactivity(e.g.intraffic)maybeimpaired.
Note
Adalatcanenhanceorsupplementtheactionofdrugsloweringthebloodpressure,andofbetablockingagents.
Presentation
30capsules
Madeby
BayerLeverkusen,Germany
Passage3
AMIKACINU.S.P.XXI
COMPOSITION:
Pierceableplugbottlescontaining100-200-250-350-500-1000mgAmikacin(aswatersolublesulphate),respectively.
Directions:
AmikacinisusefulinthetreatmentofinfectionfromGram-negativesensitivespecies,thereincludedthePseudo-monasspecies;itmayalsobeusefultotreatinfectionscausedbysensitivestaphylococci.
Contra-indications:
Knownindividualhypersensitivitytotheantobiotic.
POSOLOGYANDWAYOFADMINISTRATION
---Adultsandchildren:
15mg/kg/dieintwotimes.
---Inseriouscasesorinthepresenceofinfectionsfrompseudomonas15mg/kg/diein3timesdaily.
---New-bornandprematurebabies:
initialdosage10mg/
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