What Are New Towns for1970.docx
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What Are New Towns for1970.docx
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WhatAreNewTownsfor1970
UrbanStudies
WhatAreNewTownsfor?
WilliamAlonso
UrbanStud1970;7;37
DOI:
10.1080/00420987020080031
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DownloadedfromatEastChinaNormalUniversityonNovember10,2008
WHATARENEWTOWNSFOR?
WILLIAMALONSO
[ReceivedOctober1969]
Callingfornewtownshaslongbeenafavourite
activityofarchitectsandarchitecturalcritics,butinrecentyearsjustabouteveryoneintheUnitedStatesseemstobeadvocatingthedevelopmentofnewtowns.Thelistofproponentsisstaggeringandincludesgiantcorporations,realestatede-velopers,theAmericanInstituteofPlanners,theNewYorkTimes,thecurrentandformerVicePresidentsoftheUnitedStates,theformerPresident,theUrbanAffairsCouncilofthecurrentPresident,thelegislaturesandplanningordevelopmentagenciesofseveralstates,severalCabinetmembers,andtheNationalCommitteeonUrbanGrowthPolicywhichincludesinitsmem-bershipandrepresentsonthisissueprominentcongressmen,senators,governors,mayors,countycommissioners,theNationalAssociationofCounties,theNationalLeagueofCities,theUnitedStatesConferenceofMayors,andUrbanAmerica.Televisionshowsandfeaturestoriesinnewspapersandmagazineshavebroughtthegeneralideaintopopculture.Hippiesareformingcommunesreminiscentoftheutopiancommunitiesofthelastcentury.
Thecausesbehindtheinterestinnewtownsinthiscountryareintriguingbutelusive.Someoftheadvocacymaybeself-serving,asinthecaseofcongressmenorfederalagenciesseekingtomaintainconstituenciesdiminishingbyoutmi-gration,orofprofessionalgroupsinterestedinextendingtheirroleandinfluence,orofindustriesafternewmarkets.Inothercases,theimagesof
glimmeringandsimplerfutureCamelotsarea
marriageofAmericannostalgiaforthesmalltownandescapismfromthebitingcomplexityofourrealurbanproblems.Butmostly,itseemsthattheveryideaofnewtownsholdssomemagicthatquickensthepulseandfirestheimagination,
aPrometheanimpulsetofatherabetterplaceandwayoflife,acalmandhealthyutopiaofcrystallinecompleteness.
Butitisnotmypurposeheretoanalysesuchcausesfornewtownproposals;rather,IwilltrytoexaminethestatedpurposesofanewtownsstrategyinAmericaasarationalpolicyinthepublicinterest:
Whatarenewtownsfor?
Theromanticparentageofnewtownsconceptsmakesthisdifficultbecauseithasestablishedastyleofadvocacywhichishortatory,metaphorical,andoftenwithoutspecificmeaning.Whenacabinetmemberspeaksof'avoidingchaos','organicbalance','creativepossibilities','buildingpoems',
'communitiesoftomorrow',andthelike,heis
readingburnishedbutratheremptyrhetorictakenbyhisspeechwriterfromcurrentexpo-nentsofalongtraditionofarchitecturalandutopianwriters.Further,certaincodewordsarecommonlyused.Forinstance,oneofthemostfrequentreasonsforwantingnewtownsisthattheywillbe'planned'(awordusedinurbanmattersasatermofpraiseacceptabletoboththepoliticalrightandleft).Butthefactpersethatsomethingistobeplannedisofinterestonlytotheprofessionalswhogettheworkandalsoto
WilliamAlonsoisProfessorofRegionalPlanningatthe
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
37
DownloadedfromatEastChinaNormalUniversityonNovember10,2008
38WILLIAMALONSO
laterchroniclers.Toothers,suchplanningisaninputandthequestionisoneofoutput:
whatdoessuchplanningdotowhatthenewtownwilldo?
Inthisparticularcase,'planning'standsforcertainlanduseandcirculationfeatures,lowercoststhroughreductionofuncertaintyininfra-structureinvestment,andsoforth.Someothercodewordsare'balanced','exciting','variety',
'livingenvironment','choice','humanscale'.I
havetriedtointerpretfairlythesemeaningsintolanguagethatisclearer.Ihavealsohadtousemyjudgementindistinguishingbetweenpurelyinstrumentalobjectivesandtheirintendedpur-poses.Forinstance,itisfrequentlysaidthatnewtownswilldistributethepopulationmoreequallyacrossthenationalterritory.InsuchcasesIhavetriedtogetatwhysuchapopulationdistributionshouldbewantedandhavereferredtheseinstru-mentalobjectivestomoregeneralonessuchasmentalhealthoreconomicdevelopment.Inall,
1havediscoveredsometwodozenprincipalob-jectives,somewithseveralvariants.Ishallpre-sentthesewithsomecommentaryinthecomingpages.
Infairnesstothereader,Imuststatemy
principalconclusions:
Thereislittleforceintheargumentsforamajorcommitmentofeffortandresourcestodirectasubstantialportionofoururbanisationintonewtowns.Ontheotherhand,theremaybesomesenseinthelimiteduseofnewtownsforthetestinganddevelopmentoftechnological,physical,andinstitutionalinnova-tionswhichmightbeapplicabletotheexpansionandrebuildingofexistingcities.Theseconclu-sionsarepresentedmorefullyattheendofthepaper.
Adefinitionalinterludeisnecessary.Some
havetriedtodrawadistinction,but'newtown'and'newcommunity'arecurrentlyusedalmostinterchangeably,althoughtheterm'community'isgaininginaccordancewiththepresentfashionofusingittoindicateapprovalortwoormorepeopleorofaplace.'Newcommunity'also
hasaslightlywidermeaning,andisoftenusedforthepromotionofsubdivisionswhichwouldnotbecallednewtownsbyanyone.Thiscon-fusingusagemaybeillustratedbyapassagefromPresidentJohnson'sMessageonHousingandCitiestothe90thCongress(February1968):
Butthereisanotherwayaswell,whichweshouldencourageandsupport.Itisthenewcommunity,freshlyplannedandbuilt.Thesecantrulybethecommunitiesoftomorrow-constructedeitherattheedgeofthecityorfartherout.Wehavealreadyseentheirbirth.Hereinthenation'scapital,onsurpluslandonceownedbythegovernment,anewcommunityisspringingup.Inotherareas,othercommunitiesarebeingbuiltonfarmandmeadowland.Theconceptofnewcommunityisthatofabalancedandbeautifulcommunity-notonlyaplacetolive,butaplacetoworkaswell.Itwillbelargelyself-contained,withlightindustry,shops,schools,hospitals,homes,apartments,andopenspaces.
Thispaperreservesthetermsnewtownsandnewcommunitiestothosethataretobebuiltatsomedistancefromexistingurbanareas,andwillnotdiscussexceptinpassingnewcommunitieswhichareextensionsoftheterritorialmarginofexistingsettlementsorreconstructionoftheinternalstructureofcities.Althoughtermssuchas'newtownsintown'aregainingcurrency,theyseemtobeattemptstomakeuseofafashionablelabeltopromotelargeprojectswhich,regardlessoftheirmerits,arenotnewtowns.
Newtownsmaybe'independent'iftheycontaintheemploymentoftheirownresidents,orbe
'satellite'ifthereistobeasubstantialamountof
commutingtoexistingcentres.'Thus,Reston
andColumbia,thebestknowncurrentnewtowns,aresatellites,ashavebeenmostoftheotherwell-knownonesoverthedecades:
Radburn,ForestHills,theGreenBelttowns.Historically,
Someauthorsusetheterm'satellite'fortownswhichareself-containedlabourmarketsbutwhoseresidentsmakesomeuseofthefacilitiesofanearbymetropolis.Itseemsclearertousetheterm'independent'fortownswithsubstantialclosureoftheirlabourmarket,and'satellite'forthosewithamoreopenlabourmarket.
DownloadedfromatEastChinaNormalUniversityonNovember10,2008
WHATARENEWTOWNSFOR?
39
independentnewtownshavebeenquitenumer-ous.Inasense,ofcourse,almosteveryAmericancityhasbeenanindependentnewtownfoundedwithinthelastthreeandahalfcenturies.But,inaddition,thenineteenthcenturysawagreatmanycompany-runtowns,suchasLawrence,Lowell,andPullman,andasubstantialnumberofuto-pianandreligiousnewsettlements;also,herail-roadsplannedanddevelopedaverygreatnumberastheyspannedthecontinent.Present-dayin-dependentnewtownsaremostfrequentlyresortorretirementtowns,orsuchspecialcasesastownsthatoriginatedashousingforworkersinlargeprojects(BoulderCityandNorris)oratomic-energytowns(OakRidgeandLosAlamos).
Althoughtherehasbeensomeslightassocia-
tionbetweenthenewtownideasandtheconceptofgrowthcentresorpoles,especiallybysomefederalagencies,thereareenoughdifferencesthatIshallconcentrateonthenewtownideaassuch.Theprincipaldifferencesare:
()newtownproposalsarefornewlybuiltsettlements,whilegrowthcentresusuallydealwiththeexpansionofanexistingcentretobringittosufficientsizetoaffordtheeconomiesofscaleandexternalitiesneededforself-sustaininggrowth;
(2)newtownproposalsoftenstressself-containmentasalabourmarket,whilegrowthcentreproposalsoftenstresstheroleofprovidingjobsforthoselivinginthesurroundingregion;and,perhapsmostimportant,(3)newtownproposalsarebasedonsteeringgrowthawayfromurbanareaswhichareregardedastoobig,whilegrowthcentresareviewed
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