英语议论文的写作方法.docx
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英语议论文的写作方法.docx
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英语议论文的写作方法
英语议论文的写作方法
1议论文的写作步骤
1审题analyze
2.构思brainstorming
3.列提纲outline
4写作write
5.检查check
2议论文的三要素:
论点:
是作者在文章中提出的对某一个问题或某一类事件的看法、观点、主张,它要求要正确、鲜明、有针对性。
一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点.论点一般在开头提出,然后加以论证.
论据:
是证明论点正确的证据,要想证明论点的正确,首先,论据必须让人觉得真实、可信,能够充分证明论点。
其次,论据要具有典型性,能收到“以一当十”的效果。
第三,论据要新颖,尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据,一般是以事实为论据,也可以利用成语,格言,名人名言作为论据.(见后论证方式)
论证:
是议论文中必不可少的部分。
一段完整的议论,只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系,才能将论据和论点融为一体,也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。
3应对EFL议论文的结构
↗四段式:
利弊类(“一分为二”的观点.从两方面去分析一个问题,阐述自己的观点.)
议论文
↘五段式/三段:
途径方法类(“怎样……(howto)”型.分析怎样解决一个问题如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”)
我的观点类(“我认为……”型.阐述对某一事物的客观看法.如“你对课外阅读的看法)
现象论说类(针对某一社会现象及社会热点讨论话题展开评论,阐述自己的观点)
所有的EFL作文都可以总结成两种写作模式:
4段式和5段式
4段式:
用“owningacar”为例
Para.1Introduction(3-4句话/结尾点题)
Eg.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety/world,it’sahotissue/topicofowningacar…inmypointofview,everythinglikesacoinhastwosides.
Para.2Advantages(中心句:
Therearealotofadvantagesofowningacar.)分三点叙述,分别给出supportingideas.中间需要用到漂亮的连接词.
Para.3Disadvantages(中心句:
Buttheproblemisnotsosimple.Therefore,owningacaralsohaveseveraldisadvantages.)仍然分三点叙述,分别给出supportingideas.中间需要用漂亮的连接词.
Para.4Conclusion(在结尾部分,你可以给出你自己的看法,eg.Asismentionedabove,Ipreferto…)
5/3段式:
用“LearningEnglish”为例
Para.1Introduction(3-4)
Eg.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,EnglishplaysanimportantroleofInternationalcommunication.Itwillhelpus…..
Para.2Reason中心句+展开Eg.Englishisanofficiallanguage.
Para.3Reason中心句+展开Eg.EnglishisagreattoolforustodoInternationalbusiness.
Para.4Reason中心句+展开Eg.Englishisgoodforustolearnforeignculturesandmakefriends.
Para.5Conclusion(结尾部分可以回答剩余的问题,总结全文,给出建议…)
4怎么列提纲(提纲与文章的区别)
以四段式为例:
看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
OUTLINE:
Beginning:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV
Advantages:
Firstly,expandyourknowledgebywatchingTV
Secondly,mayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowviaTV
Thirdly,goeverywherebytravelingprograms.
Disadvantages:
Firstly,becomeshort-sighted
Secondly,giveuptheirstudies
Conclusion:
WhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplan
ESSAY:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowthroughTVsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.Onceyouheardanamewhomyoudidn’tknowbeforefromtheparty,youneverworriedaboutthatyouhavenochancetoknowhim.JustturnontheTV,maybeheisonthescreenofsomeprogramWhatsmore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Thiswillinfluencesomanyaspectsofthem,likehuntingjobs,applyingforsomeprofessionalmajorswhenstudentsfinishedtheircollegeentranceexaminations.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.Moreandmorechildrenandstudentsbecomethefansofthemoviestars,nomatterhowlateitis,theystillstaybeforetheTVsettowatchthesoapopera.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.
5正文段
包括主题句扩展句结尾句
论证方式:
归纳法:
是指从特殊到一般,就是先罗列一系列论据,可以是事实论据,也可以是理论论据,也可以兼而有之,然后自然而然地概括出其中的道理或规律。
演绎法:
是从一般到特殊。
是作者现提出自己的论点,然后援引一系列的事实或理论论据加以论证。
例证法:
用事例来证明论点
类比法:
用读者熟悉的事物来类比陌生的事物,以证明这一陌生事物具有某种特点,从而论证作者的观点。
比较对照法:
比较对照两个人、事物之间的相同及不同之处,从而证明作者的论点。
6.关联词
表层次:
(一二三原则)
First—second—third
Firstly-secondly-thirdly
Thefirst-thesecond-thethird
Inthefirstplace—inthesecondplace—inthethirdplace
Tobeginwith/then/furthermore/finally
Tostartwith/next/inaddition/finally
Firstandforemost/besides/lastbutnotleast
Mostimportantofall/moreover/finally
Firstofall/furthermore/finally
Ontheonehand/ontheotherhand
Foronething/foranotherthing(两者)
表观点:
Personally;
Inmyopinion;
AsfarasIamconcerned;
AsfarasIknow;
WhatIwanttostressisthat…(我想强调的是…);
…holdtheopinionthat…某人持有…的主张;
Accordingtosb,…依照某人的观点看,…;
表转折:
However,but
表让步:
Although,Though,Despitethefactthat
表因果:
Because,As,Since,Therefore,thus,so
表递进:
notonly…,butalso…,aswellas
表概括:
Inaword;Inshort;Tosumup;inconclusion;allinall;altogether;inbrief;basically;fundamentally;generally
7检查十个方面:
根据评分标准
9:
中心,内容
4:
结构
6:
时态,语态,拼写
1:
标点,字数,清洁,标题
写作练习题:
1四段式:
谈谈校服(schooluniforms).
Referenceoutline:
一Begnning:
…thereisaheateddiscussionthatifthestudentsshouldwearschooluniforms.
二Advantages(for):
1.Studentslookneatandtidy.
2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.
3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.
4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.
5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.
6.Gooddisciplineforstudents.
三Disadvantages(against):
1.Uniformsareexpensive.
2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.
3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.
4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.
5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.
四Conclusion:
Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorof…..
2五段式:
(2)谈谈出国留学(whysomanystudentsstudyatabroad?
)
Referenceoutline:
一Begnning:
…..moreandmorepeoplewanttostudyatabroad.
二Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.
三Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.
四Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.
五conclusion:
…….Throughaboveanalysis,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.
怎么列提纲(提纲与文章的区别)
以四段式为例:
看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
OUTLINE:
Beginning:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV
Advantages:
Firstly,expandyourknowledgebywatchingTV
Secondly,mayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowviaTV
Thirdly,goeverywherebytravelingprograms.
Disadvantages:
Firstly,becomeshort-sighted
Secondly,giveuptheirstudies
Conclusion:
WhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplan
ESSAY:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowthroughTVsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.Onceyouheardanamewhomyoudidn’tknowbeforefromtheparty,youneverworriedaboutthatyouhavenochancetoknowhim.JustturnontheTV,maybeheisonthescreenofsomeprogramWhat’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Thiswillinfluencesomanyaspectsofthem,likehuntingjobs,applyingforsomeprofessionalmajorswhenstudentsfinishedtheircollegeentranceexaminations.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.Moreandmorechildrenandstudentsbecomethefansofthemoviestars,nomatterhowlateitis,theystillstaybeforetheTVsettowatchthesoapopera.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.
EFL五段论式写法
第一段:
提出观点
第二段:
理由段1
第三段:
理由段2
第四段:
理由段3
第五段:
结尾段
Somepeoplesaythatexplorationofouterspacehasmanyadvantages;otherpeoplefeelthatitisawasteofmoneyandotherresources.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
Sample:
Withthedevelopmentofouterspaceexploration,manypeoplebegintodoubtwhethertheendeavorisworthwhile.Itistruethatsomemoneyandotherresourcesmustbespentinthisarea,butinmyopinion,humanbeingsshouldcontinuetheadventurebecauseitcanaddtoourknowledge,acquirenewresources,andevenfindplaceswherehumanbeingscanlive.
Tobeginwith,theexplorationofouterspacewilladdtoourknowledgeabouttheuniverseaswellasabouttheearth.Althoughhumanbeingshavebeenlivingontheearthforthousandsofyears,weknowverylittleaboutit.Forexample,wearenotevensureabouthowtheearthcameintobeing,whythedinosaursdisappearedaltogetherfromthefaceoftheearth,andwhetherthereislifeonotherplanets.Theattempttoexploreouterspacewillcertainlyhelpusanswerallthesequestionsandbringusagreatmanybenefits.
Inaddition,theexplorationofouterspacemayhelpmitigatetheenerg
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