浅析美国家庭.docx
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浅析美国家庭.docx
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浅析美国家庭
本科生毕业论文册
学院大学外语教学部
专业英语教育
班级06级3班
学生吝丽平
指导教师康国卿
本科生毕业论文
题目:
浅析美国家庭
作者姓名吝丽平
指导教师康国卿
所在学院大学外语教学部
专业英语教育
班级(届)2008届03班
完成日期2007年5月8日
TheAnalysisofAmericanFamily
By
LinLiping
KangGuoqing,Supervisor
SubmittedtoCollegeofForeignLanguagesin
FulfillmentoftheRequirements
ForthedegreeofBachelorofArts
InHebeiNormalUniversity
May8th,2008
摘要
此论文从不同方面讲述了美国家庭的多样性和多变性,致力于给我们呈现不同的美国家庭的不同特点,美国虽然没有和中国一样悠久的历史但却历经沧桑。
为了寻找更好的生活环境,大批的移民涌向美国,这给美国的家庭的形式带来了深远的影响。
首先,在文章的开头我会简要的介绍一下美国的家庭现状,然后全文分成三章逐步对美国家庭的变化,形势,以及不同家庭的不同特点。
下面就主要从三个方面简要论述一下美国家庭。
第一章简要概述了美国家庭内部结构的变化,现代美国家庭的现状及所面临的问题。
许多人不止一次结婚以至于家庭模式相对于18世纪六个成员的家庭来说变得越来越小了。
当人们变得越来越独立的时候,离婚率也在慢慢增长。
第二章主要集中介绍美国家庭模式。
很长一段时间以来,家庭这个概念在美国一直被定义为:
丈夫,妻子,和孩子。
但是,现在新式的美国家庭在当前的美国社会里占据越来越重要的位置,并逐渐法章程三种不同的家庭结构。
本段就这一现象进行一下概述
第三章主要从一个历史的角度研究美国家庭不断变化的现状,包括白人家庭和黑人家庭。
基于对此问题的研究,本文接着讨论了社会等级对美国家庭的影响,就美国不同等级之间家庭的不同特点。
最后,文章的结尾是对本文的总体概述。
在过去家庭不仅起着传宗接代,保护自我的基本作用,而且也是一个经济,宗教,和在发展的中心作用。
总之无论怎么变化,家庭对于我们来说始终是最重要的,特别是对宗教家庭来说。
关键字:
变化模式特点
Abstract
ThethesiswilltalkaboutthevarietyofAmericanfamilyfromdifferentaspect.ItaimstotellusthatthedifferentfeaturesbetweendifferentAmericanfamilies.Firstly,IwillshowashortintroductionabouttheAmerican.Thenthistextwillbedividedintothreemainchapters.InthefollowingpartIwilljusttalkaboutthemainideasofeachchapter.
Chapterone,IwilltalkaboutthechangesoftheAmericanfamily.IwillshowabriefintroductionofthesituationofmodernAmericanfamily.Manypeoplegetmarriedsomorethanoncethatfamilysizehasbecomesmallerthanthe18thcenturywhentherewereusuallysixmembersinafamily.Asmenandwomenbecomelessdependentonfamiliesforalivelihood,therateofdivorceisincreasing.
ChaptertwofocusesontheAmericanfamilypatterns.Foralongtime,familyintheUShasbeendefinedasoneinwhichahusbandandwifeandtheirminorchildrenlivetogether.ButnowthenewfamilypatternsthatemergesorbecomemoreprominentincontemporaryAmericansocietyfallintothreecategories:
single-parentfamily,same-sex-parentfamily,andcommunicationfamily.Iwillmainlytalkaboutthethreecategoriesinthischapter.
ChapterthreemainlysurveyssomechangingaspectsofAmericanfamiliesfromahistoricalperspective,coveringbothwhiteAmericanfamiliesandblackBasedonthisbriefhistoricalreview,wewillthenexaminetheeffectsofsocialstratificationoAmericanfamilies,presenting,ingreatdetails,differentfeaturesofAmericanfamiliesalongclassline.
Finally,Iwillmakeaconclusionaboutmythesis.Inthepast,familynotonlyperformedthebasicfunctionsofreproduction,protection,butalsoservedasacenterofeconomicproduction,religion,andrecreation.Whateverthechangesmaybe,familiesareveryimportanttoAmericans,especiallytothereligiouspeople.
Keywords:
changepatternfeature
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………….…….…….……..1
ChapterIthechangesofAmericanfamily…………………………….………2
ChapterⅡthepatternsofAmericanfamily…………….…………...…………4
2.1TheissuesofAmericanfamilypatterns
2.2Thetraditionalfamilypatterns
2.3Thenewfamilypatterns
ChapterⅢthefeaturesofdifferentAmericanfamily………….….…..……..7
3.1.Thepre-industrialfamily(1600-1780)
3.2.TheModernFamily:
StageⅠ(1780-1900)
3.3.TheModernFamily:
StageⅡ(1900-1970)
3.4.Upper,Middle,andWorking-ClassFamilies
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….…….……..20
Notes
Bibliography
Introduction
Familiesexistinvirtuallyallsocietiesofwhichwehaverecord,inthepastaswellasatpresent.Andfamilies,likeallotherhumaninstitutions,changeovertime.TheAmericanfamilyisnoexception.IntheruralcolonialAmerica,forexample,the17thcenturyfamilyhadtoassumenumerousfunctions.Itnotonlyperformedthebasicfunctionsofreproduction,protection,andsocializationofchildren,butalsoservedasacenterofeconomicproduction,education,religion,andrecreation.
Bycontrast,themodernurbanAmericanfamilyhasfarmorelimitedfunctions.“Insteadofbeingaproductionunit,ithasbecomeamoredemandingconsumptionunit,basedontheearningpowerofbothhusbandandwife,andthespendingpowerandtastesofthewifeanddaughters.Similarly,ratherthanbeinganeducationalandreligiousentity,themodernAmericanfamilyhastransformeditselfintoamorebroadlydefinedculturalentity,lookingforculturallifeandentertainmentofdifferentkinds”1.Moreimportantly,althoughitisstillaresidenceunit,thecontemporaryAmericanfamilyisahighlymobileone;nolingerholdingthewholefamilytogetherbyorbitingaroundthefather.Ittriestomakecompanionshipandcommoninterestsratherthanindividualwillorsocialdutiesitspsychologicalbasis,anditiscemented,ifatall,notbytheexerciseofauthority,butbythepursuitofhappiness.
AlongwiththeAmericanemphasisonindividualfreedom,thebeliefinequalityhashadastrongeffectonthefamily.Inmanyothercultures,includingourChineseone,inequalityextendsintothefamily,particularlytothefather’srelationshiptohischildren.Thefatherisacceptedasrulerandmaster.Thechildren’srelationswithhimareveryformalandloveforhimisalwayscombinedwithfear.IntheUSA,however,thedemocraticideaofequality
Ontheotherhand,manyAmericansgivetheiryoungpeoplealotoffreedombecausetheywanttoteachtheirchildrentobeindependentandself-reliant.Americanchildrenhavebeenexpectedtoleavethenestatageof18aftertheygraduatefromhighschool.Theyareexpectedtogoontocollegeorgetajobtosupportthemselves.Bytheirmid-twenties,ifchildrenarestilllivingwiththeirparents,somepeoplewillsuspectthatsomethingiswrong.
TheUSAhasaveryhighdivorcerate.“Approximatelyoneoutofeverytwomarriagesnowendsindivorce”2.Oftenchildrenareinvolved.MostAmericansbelievethatunhappycouplesshouldnotstaymarriedjustbecausetheyhavechildrenathome.Manypeopledonotbelieveinsacrificingindividualhappinessforthesakeofthechildren.Theysaythatchildrenactuallymaybebetterofflivingwithoneparentthatwithtwowhoareconstantlyarguing.Divorceisnowsocommonthatitisnolongersociallyunacceptable,andchildrenarenotembarrassedtosaythattheirparentsaredivorced.
ChapterOneTheChangingofTheAmericanFamily
Familyisthebasicunitofasocietyandalwaysplaysacrucialroleinprovidingasettinginwhichchildrencanbebornandreared,andinmaintainingsocialstability.ThebasicpatternofAmericanfamilyhasundergoneagradualchangefromthetraditionaltypeoftwoorthreegenerationslivingtogethertothetypeofacorefamily,orevenasingleparentfamily.Theprocessofurbanizationhastremendouslyinfluencedpeople’sthinkingaboutthetypeoffamily,asmoreandmoreyoungpeoplewillleavenativeplaces,theirparentsandgrandparentstomovetootherplacesforabetterjoborupwardpromotion.Thesocialdiversity,especiallyintermsofmanyethnicgroups,makesthetypesofAmericanfamilydiverseandinasensepromotesthespeedofsocialmobility.Whateverthechangesmaybe,familiesareveryimportanttoAmericans,especiallytothereligiouspeople.Today,mostpeoplehighlyvaluetheirfamiliesandthefamilylinksarestrongerthansomeoutsidersthink.
ChangescametoAmericanfamilieswhentheUSshiftedfrombeingmainlyafarmingnationtobeinganindustrialnation.Moreandmorepeoplebeganearningtheirlivelihoodoutsidethehomeandinfactories.Familymembersbecamelessdependentoneachotherforsurvival.Lovebegantoreplaceeconomicneedasthebasisofanidealmarriage.
Inthecourseofmodernization,thenumberoftraditionalfamily,inwhichbothparentsusuallylivewiththeirchildrenandmothermightstayathome,hasreducedtoone-thirdofallfamilies.AfterWWⅡ,the“babyboom”broughtaboutthreebabiestoamother,whilesincethe1960smanywomenbegantorealizethattheycouldhavemorechoicesforthemselvesratherthanrearingchildrenanddoinghousechores.Nowthemostcommontypeoffamilyisoneinwhichbothparentsworkoutsidetheirhomeandsomefamiliesarejustthesingleparentfamilies,mostlikelyasingle-motherfamily.Thereareabout9millionsingle-parentfamiliesnowintheUS.YoungAmericansdateveryearly,usuallythefirstdatehappenswhenbothboyandgirlarestudyinginhighschools.
Asmanypeoplegetmarriedmorethanonce,familysizehasbecomesmallerthanthe18thcenturywhentherewereusuallysixmembersinafamily.Asmenandwomenbecomelessdependentonfamiliesforalivelihood,therateofdivorceIincreasing.“Today,abouthalfofAmericanfamilieshaveadivorcedparentorparentsandsomeofficialstatisticsshowthatthenumberofdivorcegrewtoabout110forevery1,000marriedcouplesin1980.theAmericanlawprovidesthosewhofoundtheirmarriagessourorruinedwitheasyaccesstogettingdivorced”3.However,therateofdivorceamongreligiouspeopleisverylow,probablyaslowasonly5percentofreligiousfamiliesthathaveadivorcedparentorparents.Today,morepeoplechoosetolivetogetheraspartnerswithoutformallygettingmarried,andthiscohabitantpatternoffamilyalsoattractssomehomosexualloverstolivetogether.
SeveralfamilyissueshavebeenworryingmanyAmericans:
generationgappoverty,andfamilyviolence.Alongwiththegrowinginterventionofmassmediaintofamilylife,moreandmorechildrenhavebecomedoubtfulabouttheirparents’instructions,letalonetheirgrandparents.Elementaryandsecondaryschoolsalsoteachchildrennottoobeyblindly
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