短篇阅读.docx
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短篇阅读.docx
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短篇阅读
Americansusuallyconsiderthemselvesafriendlypeople.Theirfriendships,however,tendtobeshorterandmorecasualthanfriendshipsamongpeoplefromothercultures.ItisnotuncommonforAmericanstohaveonlyoneclosefriendduringtheirlifetime,andconsiderother"friends"tobejustsocialacquaintances.ThisattitudeprobablyhassomethingtodowithAmericanmobilityandthefactthatAmericansdonotliketobedependentonotherpeople.Theytendto"compartmentalize"friendships,having"friendsatwork","friendsonthesoftballteam","familyfriends",etc..
BecausetheUnitedStatesisahighlyactivesociety,fullofmovementandchange,peoplealwaysseemtobeonthego.Inthishighlychargedatmosphere,Americanscansometimesseembrusqueorimpatient.Theywanttogettoknowyouasquicklyaspossibleandthenmoveontosomethingelse.Sometimes,earlyon,theywillaskyouquestionsthatyoumayfeelareverypersonal.Noinsultisintended;thequestionsusuallygrowoutoftheirgenuineinterestorcuriosity,andtheirimpatiencetogettotheheartofthematter.Andthesamegoesforyou.IfyoudonotunderstandcertainAmericanbehaviororyouwanttoknowmoreaboutthem,donothesitatetoaskthemquestionsaboutthemselves.Americansareusuallyeagertoexplainallabouttheircountryoranything"American"inwhichyoumaybeinterested.Somuchsoinfactthatyoumaybecometiredoflistening.Itdoesn'tmatterbecauseAmericanstendtobeuncomfortablewithsilenceduringaconversation.Theywouldrathertalkabouttheweatherorthelatestsportsscores,forexample,thandealwithsilence.
Ontheotherhand,don'texpectAmericanstobeknowledgeableaboutinternationalgeographyorworldaffairs,unlessthosesubjectsdirectlyinvolvetheUnitedStates.BecausetheUnitedStatesisnotsurroundedbymanyothernations,someAmericanstendtoignoretherestoftheworld.
美国人的个性ThepersonalityofAmericans
Americansusuallyconsiderthemselvesafriendlypeople.Theirfriendships,however,tendtobeshorterandmorecasualthanfriendshipsamongpeoplefromothercultures.ItisnotuncommonforAmericanstohaveonlyoneclosefriendduringtheirlifetime,andconsiderother"friends"tobejustsocialacquaintances.ThisattitudeprobablyhassomethingtodowithAmericanmobility(流动性)andthefactthatAmericansdonotliketobedependentonotherpeople.Theytendto"compartmentalize"(划分)friendships,having"friendsatwork","friendsonthesoftball(垒球)team","familyfriends",etc..
BecausetheUnitedStatesisahighlyactivesociety,fullofmovementandchange,peoplealwaysseemtobeonthego.Inthishighlycharged(紧张的,充满感情的)atmosphere,Americanscansometimesseembrusque『brʌsk』(无礼的)orimpatient.Theywanttogettoknowyouasquicklyaspossibleandthenmoveontosomethingelse.Sometimes,earlyon,theywillaskyouquestionsthatyoumayfeelareverypersonal.Noinsult(冒犯)isintended;thequestionsusuallygrowoutof(产生自。
。
。
)theirgenuineinterestorcuriosity,andtheirimpatiencetogettotheheartofthematter.Andthesamegoesforyou.IfyoudonotunderstandcertainAmericanbehaviororyouwanttoknowmoreaboutthem,donothesitatetoaskthemquestionsaboutthemselves.Americansareusuallyeagertoexplainallabouttheircountryoranything"American"inwhichyoumaybeinterested,somuchsoinfactthatyoumaybecometiredoflistening.Itdoesn'tmatterbecauseAmericanstendtobeuncomfortablewithsilenceduringaconversation.Theywouldrathertalkabouttheweatherorthelatestsportsscores,forexample,thandealwithsilence.
Ontheotherhand,don'texpectAmericanstobeknowledgeableaboutinternationalgeographyorworldaffairs,unlessthosesubjectsdirectlyinvolvetheUnitedStates.BecausetheUnitedStatesisnotsurroundedbymanyothernations,someAmericanstendtoignoretherestoftheworld.
1Pleasesummarizethetitleofthisshortpassage.
美国人通常认为自己是友好的民族。
然而他们的友谊往往比来自其他文化的人们更短暂,更随意。
生活中只有一个亲密的朋友,对美国人来说这很常见,他们认为其它的“朋友”只是社会上的泛泛之交。
这种看法或许跟美国人的流动性和美国人不喜欢依靠别人的实际情况有关。
他们往往将朋友关系划分为“工作朋友”、“运动朋友”、“家庭朋友”等。
因为美国是一个高度活跃、充满运动和变化的社会,人们看起来一直在路上。
在这种高度紧张的氛围里,美国人有时看似无礼或缺少耐心。
他们想要尽快了解你,然后转身去做别的事。
在交往初期,他们有时会问你一些你感觉很私人的问题。
这不是有意的冒犯;问这些问题通常是出于他们真正的兴趣和好奇心或者他们没有耐心去得到事情的实质。
换成你也一样,如果你不理解某些美国人的行为或你想知道他们更多的东西,就毫不犹豫地去问他们。
美国人通常会热心地介绍有关他们国家或者你可能感兴趣的美国的任何事情。
实际上他们如此地介绍这个东西可能使你听得很累。
这无所谓,因为美国人往往会对交往中的沉默感到不安。
例如,他们宁愿去谈天气或者最新的赛况,也不愿去对付沉默。
另外,别指望美国人熟知世界地理或国际事务,除非这些事情直接涉及到美国。
因为美国并不与许多国家接壤。
一些美国人往往忽略了世界其他地方。
What'sinaname?
Lettersthatoffercluestoone'sfuturedecisions.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthataperson'smonogram(字母组合)mayinfluencehislifechoices-whereheworks,whomhemarriesorwherehelives-becauseof"implicit内涵的,含蓄的egotism自我中心,自尊自大".Forinstance,apersonnamedFredmightbeattractedtothenotionoflivinginFresno加里福利亚州中部城市,workingforForever21ordrivingaFord.
NowanewstudybyprofessorUriSimonsohntakesanotherlookattheso-calledname-lettereffectandoffersotherexplanationsforthephenomenon.Urifoundthatthenameofaperson'sworkplacemorecloselycorrelatedwiththefirstthreelettersofaperson'sname.ButUrisuggeststhatthereasonfortheassociationisn'timplicitegotism.
Onealternativeexplanationtoimplicitegotismforthesefindingsisreverse相反的causality因果关系:
Ratherthanemployeesseekingoutcompanieswithsimilarnames,peoplestartingnewcompaniesmaynamethemafterthemselves.
Asecondalternativeexplanationisanethnic/languageconfound:
VanBovenworksforVanDykeAssociateswhileLeBoeufforLeBlancAssociatesbecausetheformerlivesinDutchspeakingFlandersandthelatterinFrenchspeakingWallonia;VanisacommonDutchprefix,LeaFrenchone.
Whatevertheexplanationforthename-lettereffect,noonereallydisputesthategotismisinvolvedonsomelevel.Butthetrueimportanceoftheeffectisupfordebate."Ican'timaginepeopledon'tliketheirownlettermorethanotherletters,"saysUri,"butthedifferencesitmakesinreallybigdecisionsareprobablyslim."
What'sinaname?
Lettersthatoffercluestoone'sfuturedecisions.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthataperson'smonogrammayinfluencehislifechoices-whereheworks,whomhemarriesorwherehelives-becauseof"implicitegotism".Forinstance,apersonnamedFredmightbeattractedtothenotionoflivinginFresno,workingforForever21ordrivingaFord.
NowanewstudybyprofessorUriSimonsohntakesanotherlookattheso-calledname-lettereffectandoffersotherexplanationsforthephenomenon.Urifoundthatthenameofaperson'sworkplacemorecloselycorrelatedwiththefirstthreelettersofaperson'sname.ButUrisuggeststhatthereasonfortheassociationisn'timplicitegotism.
Onealternativeexplanationtoimplicitegotismforthesefindingsisreversecausality:
Ratherthanemployeesseekingoutcompanieswithsimilarnames,peoplestartingnewcompaniesmaynamethemafterthemselves.
Asecondalternativeexplanationisanethnic/languageconfoundVanBovenworksforVanDykeAssociateswhileLeBoeufforLeBlancAssociatesbecausetheformerlivesinDutchspeakingFlandersandthelatterinFrenchspeakingWallonia;VanisacommonDutchprefix,LeaFrenchone.
Whatevertheexplanationforthename-lettereffect,noonereallydisputesthategotismisinvolvedonsomelevel.Butthetrueimportanceoftheeffectisupfordebate."Ican'timaginepeopledon'tliketheirownlettermorethanotherletters,"saysUri,"butthedifferencesitmakesinreallybigdecisionsareprobablyslim."
姓名竟能影响人的重大决策Namescaneveninfluencepeople’sbigdecisions
What'sinaname?
Lettersthatoffercluestoone'sfuturedecisions.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthataperson'smonogrammayinfluencehislifechoices-whereheworks,whomhemarriesorwherehelives-becauseof"implicitegotism".Forinstance,apersonnamedFredmightbeattractedtothenotionoflivinginFresno,workingforForever21ordrivingaFord.
名字里有什么?
名字能预示一个人在未来做什么决定。
此前种种研究表明,一个人的姓名可影响他生命中的重大决策——在哪里工作、和谁结婚或者住在哪里,而这种影响源于“内隐自大”。
举个例子,一个名为“弗雷德”的人有可能倾向于居住在“弗雷斯诺”,到Forever21公司工作,或者开一辆福特轿车。
NowanewstudybyprofessorUriSimonsohntakesanotherlookattheso-calledname-lettereffectandoffersotherexplanationsforthephenomenon.Urifoundthatthenameofaperson'sworkplacemorecloselycorrelatedwiththefirstthreelettersofaperson'sname.ButUrisuggeststhatthereasonfortheassociationisn'timplicitegotism.
而如今乌里教授的一项新研究为这种“姓名字母效应”提供了新视角,并为该现象提供了多种解释。
乌里发现,一个人工作单位的名字和此人姓名的前三个字母关系最为密切。
但乌里指出,这种联系并非源于“内隐自大”。
Onealternativeexplanationtoimplicitegotismforthesefindingsisreversecausality:
Ratherthanemployeesseekingoutcompanieswithsimilarnames,peoplestartingnewcompaniesmaynamethemafterthemselves.
他表示,有一种解释可以替代“内隐自大”理论,即“反向因果关系”:
即并非人们愿意到有与自己姓名相似名称的公司工作,事实上是,创业者更愿意用自己的姓名来命名公司。
Asecondalternativeexplanationisanethnic/languageconfound:
VanBovenworksforVanDykeAssociateswhileLeBoeufforLeBlancAssociatesbecausetheformerlivesinDutchspeakingFlandersandthelatterinFrenchspeakingWallonia;VanisacommonDutchprefix,LeaFrenchone.
另外一种可行的解释便是“民族/语言混淆”:
VanBoven在VanDykeAssociates公司工作,而LeBoeuf在LeBlancAssociates公司工作,原因仅仅又由于前者家住荷兰,说着佛兰德斯方言,而后者住在法国,操一口瓦隆尼亚语;毕竟Van在荷兰语中通常是个前缀,而Le常在法语中起到前缀作用。
Whatevertheexplanationforthename-lettereffect,noonereallydisputesthategotismisinvolvedonsomelevel.Butthetrueimportanceoftheeffectisupfordebate."Ican'timaginepeopledon'tliketheirownlettermorethanotherletters,"saysUri,"butthedifferencesitmakesinreallybigdecisionsareprobablyslim."
不管人们对“姓名字母效应”作何解释,没有人怀疑“自大”理论在某种程度上起到了一定作用。
但是这种效应的真正价值有待商榷。
“我无法想象人们会不喜欢自己姓名中的那些字母,”乌里说道,“但是姓名在人们做重大决策时所起的作用很有可能微乎其微。
”
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