上海高考Summary如何写.docx
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上海高考Summary如何写.docx
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上海高考Summary如何写
Summary如何写(I)
说明文的summary
我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例
TheProblemofPackaging
第一段
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.
第二段
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
第三段
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.
第四段
Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.
我们先来把每段的大意理一下:
第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。
第二段呢?
讲了两层意思,一层:
垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染;二层:
这些包装材料生产过程中,会产生对空气和水的污染。
第三段:
中心句很清晰啊Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.后面的德国的事情也是举例子,政府啊,制造商啊,个人啊,采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。
最后一段了:
尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用,但,又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。
包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊,我们不能放弃警惕。
说明文概要模板
a.现象揭示类:
Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon--(主题),which….(补充解释).
b.利弊对比类:
Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…
Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.
Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….
c.研究显示类:
Thestudyrevealsthat…
Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…
Summary:
Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)
Summary如何写(II)
Adrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilyfoundbypeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.Oneofthewayspeoplemayfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.Withthisinmind,companiesobviouslywanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.(第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢,那预测下,接下来的文字可能会是,该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢?
有什么要注意的要素呢?
)
Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimely.(第一句话是主题句,网站内容要独特新颖且及时)Onlyqualitycontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentyourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvialinksorthroughsocialchannels.Thisactofsharingnotonlygivesyoursitemorechancesofpublicexposurebutitalsohelpstopushupyoursearchenginerankings,whichextendshugepsychologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.
NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendlinessasarankingsignal(这个词出现了,后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的rankingsignal啊,这个词在summary中必须出现啊)intheirrankingalgorithm(算法).Therefore,ifyoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,youareofferingalessthanidealexperiencetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount.(这段文字的主要词眼是mobilefriendliness)
AnotherkeyrankingsignalthatGoogleandothersearchenginesweighheavilyispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.(又是主题句,关键词是pagespeed和overallsiteperformance)Ifyoursiteisloadedwithtoomanyhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused.Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawayvisitors.It'stimetoreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload.Someareevenwillingtotradebettervisualexperiencesforhighviewingspeed.Asuserpreferencestandsontopofanysearchengine'slistofpriority,searchengineswilllookveryfavorablyuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.
Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupdatefrequencyisalsovital.(又是主题句,词眼是updatefrequency)Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeexplosionofothervariousonlineresources.Ifthecontentonyourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,yourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumans’natureofhavingalowboredomthreshold(门槛).Inturn,yourwebsite’ssearchrankingwilldropdrastically.
Finally,don’tlookdownoncustomerexperience.(主题句,关键词是customerexperience)Toooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingexperiencethatisenjoyable.Whenassessingyourwebsite'suserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst,butdonotdiscountthebenefitsofaddingabitofdelightintothatexperienceaswell.
整理下思路:
该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎,必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些rankingsignals,分别是uniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequency和enjoyablecustomerexperience.
Summary:
Thisarticlefocusesonhowwebsitesmakethemselveseasilyaccessibletousersthroughsearchengines.Therankingsignalstobeconsideredincludeuniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequencyandenjoyablecustomerexperience.(41words)
总结
语言图式,内容图式,结构图式
教师在讲解试卷的过程中,如果只是就题目而分析的话,可能就失去了很多好的机会让学生更立体的了解一段文字,往往我们更多地关注文章的语言图式和内容图式,对结构图式避而不谈,这是“只见树木,不见森林”的做法。
如果学生对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话,对做完形,阅读题都是十分有帮助的,当然,写文章一样。
summary很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构。
当然,该文章是说明文,本来结构就比较清楚。
Summary如何写(III)--说明文
OnEarth,there'snodoubtthattheyhavehighlydevelopedsensestostayaliveandthrive.Butwhilesomeoftheirfeaturesmaybecomparedtotaste,sight,touchandsmellinhumans,haveyoueverwondered--canplantsthink?
(这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题)
Onland,thecumulativemassofplantsis1000timeshigherthanthatofanimals.Buttheseplantsareimmobileandcan'tmovearoundintheirenvironment;whichis,seemingly,aprettybigevolutionarydisadvantage.Thishasforcedplantstoadaptinamazingwaysthatoftengounnoticedbythenakedeye.
Smellsomethingfunny?
Plantsdotoo-andtheyreacttothesechemicalsintheair.Forexample,whenfruitsstarttoripen,theyreleaseachemicalcalledethylene.Andwhenneighboringfruitssensethispheromone,theyripenfaster,sothatallfruitsmatureatthesametime.
Plantsalsogiveoffscentswhichattractinsectstospreadtheirpollen.Inparticular,theamazingcarrionflowersgrowtinyhairs,feelwarmandsmelllikerottingfleshinanattempttomimicadeadcorpse.Thisistoattractfliesandbeetlesaspollinators.Ontheotherhand,whenaplantisattackedbyaninsect,animalorpathogen,itknows.Whenacaciatreesaregrazedbyanimals,theyquicklyreactbyproducingchemicalscalledtannins,whichmaketheirleavesunappetizingandtoughtodigest.Someevenproduceenoughtoxintokilltheanimal.Perhapsmoreimpressivearesomecornandcottonplants,whichwheneatenbycaterpillars,releasechemicalsintheairthatattractparasiticwasps,whoflyinandultimatelykilltheinsects.(以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。
)
Onsomelevel,theycommunicatewiththewasps.Crazyasitseems,evensoundrecordingsofcaterpillarschewingleaves,triggerthisresponse.Withoutanyfromoftouch,theplantsreact,asiftheycanhear.
(这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情!
这也太神奇了点。
)
Onalargescale,plantsalsoworktogether.Awebofundergroundfungicanconnecttreerootsinforests,allowingthemtoexchangenutrientsandinformation.
Usingradioactiveisotopes,scientistsdiscoveredthattreessharewaterandnutrientswithothersinneed.Largetreesnourishsmallershadedonesuntiltheyaretallenoughtoreachsunlight,Andtreesthatstaygreenallyearroundsharenutrientswithtreesthatlosetheirleavesinwinter,helpingthemthroughtheseason.Whichisthenrepaidinthesummermonths,likeatransactionalexchange.Somescientistrefertothisasthe"wood-wideweb".(这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生!
合作!
)
Perhapsthemostshockingfact,isthatsomeplantsseemtohavememory.Mimosapedicabplants,arethoseleafyplantsthatcloseupwhentouched.Thisreflexismeanttoscareawayinsectsthatlandonthem.Inanexperimentonthesereflexes,scientistsnoticethatwhendroppedfrom15cm,theywouldclosewhentheyhittheground,Notsosurprising.Butafterrepeatingthedrop4or5times,someoftheplantsstoppedclosing,asthoughtheyhadrealizedthestimuluswasn'tharmful.Iftheywereshakeninstead,theywouldclose,butanytimetheyweredroppedfromthissameheight,theystayedopen.Thiseffectlastedforweeks-theplantshadmemories.(这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。
“千万别招惹他们,哈哈哈”)
Ofcourse,plantsdon'thavebrainsorothercellsandorgansthatwedeemnecessaryforintelligence.Brainsandneuronsareirreplaceable,butplantsareimmobileandoftenattacked,sotheymustbeabletosurviveafterpartofthemiseaten,ordestroyed.Abrainjustwouldn'twork.Butifyoumeasureintelligenceorthoughtastheabilitytosolveproblems,interactwithanenvironment,andevenworkingroups,thenplantsareincrediblysmart.(这段文字是总结,最后的一句尤其赞,基本概括好了前文所讲的内容,但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢?
)
Summary:
Thisarticlefocusesonwhetherplantsaresma
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