基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docx
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基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docx
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基础工程部分概念英文版
第一章导论
一名词解释DefinitionExplanation(3pointseach,12intotal)
1.地基Ground:
将承受各种作用的地层称为地基。
thestratawhichbearsallkindsofloadingsofthebuildingiscalledground
2.基础Foundation:
将建筑物的各种作用传递至地基的结构物称为基础。
thepartofthebuildingwhichisincontactwithgroundiscalledfoundation
3.Naturalground(天然地基):
未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基称为天然基础
groundwhichcanmeetdesignrequirementswithoutmanualprocessing.
4.Artificialground(人工地基):
如果天然地层土质过于软弱或存在不良工程地质问题,需要经过人工加固或处理后才能修筑基础,这种地基称为人工地基
groundwhichhasbeenstrengthenedortreatedartificially.
5.永久作用PermanentAction:
可看成是不随时间变化的荷载。
canalsobecalledasdeadload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectiondon'tchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescanbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod.
6.可变作用VariableAction:
随时间而变化的荷载
canalsobecalledasliveload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectionchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescannotbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod.
7.地基容许承载力:
theallowablebearingcapacityofground
Indesign,thebasepressurecannotexceedultimatebearingcapacityofsubsoilandhaveadequatesafety;thedeformationofthegroundcannotexceedtheallowabledeformationofthebuilding.Ifthegroundmeetthetworequirements,themaximumpressurethatunitareaofgroundbearsistheallowablebearingcapacityofground.
基底压力不能超过地基极限承载力,而且要有足够的安全度;同时所引起的地基变形不能超过建筑物容许变形值,满足以上要求,地基单位面积上所能承受的最大压力就称为地基容许承载力
8.基底压力:
(basepressure)
Loadingsofbuildingaretransferredtogroundthroughfoundation,torigidspreadfoundation,thepressurethatactonunitareaoffoundationbaseiscalledfoundation(base)pressure.建筑物荷载通过基础传递到地基上,对于刚性扩大基础而言,作用在基础底面单位面积上的压力称为基地压力
二简答题
1.基础工程设计计算的基本原则有哪些?
Whatarebasicprinciplesoffoundationengineeringincalculationanddesign?
1)Thepressureofthefoundationbottomislessthantheallowablevalueofbearingcapacity.基础底面的压力小于地基承载力容许值
2)Deformationsofgroundandfoundationarelessthanallowablesettlementvalueofthebuilding.地基及基础的变形值小于建筑物要求的沉降值
3)Theoverallstabilityofgroundandfoundationisensuredsufficiently.地基及基础的整体稳定性有足够保证
4)Strengthanddurabilityoffoundationmeetrequirements.基础本身的强度、耐久性满足要求
第二章天然地基上的浅基础
一名词解释
1.刚性基础(rigidfoundation)
Groundreactionoffoundationbottomisσwhenexternalforcesactonthefoundation.Hereleftofcross-sectiona-athatisoverhangpartoffoundationisequivalenttoacantileverbeamthatbearsuniformlydistributedloadp.Cross-sectiona-awillproducebendingtensilestressandshearingstress.Ifthecross-sectionofmasonryhasenougharea,theallowablevalueofmaterialstressismorethanbendingtensilestressandshearingstressduetogroundreaction,thecross-sectiona-awillnotproducecracks.Atthistime,foundationneednotstressedbars,thisfoundationiscalledrigidfoundation.
2.柔性基础(flexiblefoundation)
Groundreactionactonthefoundation,ifthebendingtensilestressandshearingstressofthecross-sectiona-aexceedthestrengthlimitvalue,inordertopreventthefoundationfromcrackingatthecross-sectiona-a,thesizesofrigidfoundationcanberedesigned,andenoughsteelbarsareusedinfoundation,thiskindoffoundationiscalledflexiblefoundation
3.刚性扩大基础(rigidspreadfoundation)
Becausestrengthofgroundisgenerallylowerthanstrengthofabutment,pierorwall,planesizesshouldbeexpandedtomeetrequirementsofgroundstrength,thiskindofrigidfoundationisrigidspreadfoundation
4.刚性角(rigidangle.)
Thetotaloverhanglengthincludesoffsetandwidthofsteps,reactionsoffoundationbottomactontheoverhangpart,thebendingtensilestressandshearingstressofcross-sectiona-aduetoitarenotmorethanthestrengthlimitvalueoffoundationmasonry.Whenaboverequirementsaresatisfied,themaximumanglemaxbetweenperpendicularfromedgeofpierorabutmentshaftandconnectionbetweenedgeofpierorabutmentandedgeoffoundationbottomisrigidangle.
5.板桩墙支护:
(SupportofSheetPileWall)
sheetpileishammeredperpendicularlyintosoiltoacertaindepthbeforeexcavation,thenthefoundationpitiscutandbracesareset,thewholeprocessofcuttingfoundationpitisalwaysdoneundersupportingofsheetpiles.
二简答题
1.浅基础与深基础有哪些区别?
Whataredifferencesbetweenshallowfoundationanddeepfoundation?
2.简述刚性基础的优缺点?
Whatareadvantagesanddisadvantagesofrigidfoundation?
Advantages:
goodstability、constructionissimple、canbearlargeloads,aslongasgroundstrengthcanmeetrequirements,itisthefirstconsiderationofbridgesandculverts.
Shortcomings:
weightofstructureitselfislarge.Whenbearingstrataissoftsoil,theareaofspreadfoundationislimited,groundcanbeusedafterstrengtheningortreating.
3.确定基础埋置深度需要考虑哪些因素?
Whatfactorsshouldbeconsideredtodeterminetheembeddeddepthoffoundation?
1)geologicalconditionofground2)depthofscour3)frozendepth
4)superstructuretype5)terraincondition
4、刚性扩大基础在设计计算时,有哪些计算和验算项目?
Whatarecalculationandcheckingcontentsincalculationanddesignofrigidspreadfoundation?
1)Determinetheembeddeddepthoffoundation
2)Determinesizesofrigidspreadfoundation
3)Checkbearingcapacity
4)Checkresultanteccentricityoffoundationbottom
5)Checkstabilityoffoundationandground
6)Checksedimentationoffoundation
5、浅基础的常用类型是什么?
Whatarecommontypesofshallowfoundation?
Accordingtomechanicalproperties
•Rigidspreadfoundation
•Flexiblespreadfoundation
Accordingtostructure
•Individualfoundation
•combinedfoundation
•Stripfoundation
Accordingtomaterial
•brickfoundation
•Rubblefoundation
•concreteorrubbleconcretefoundation
•reinforcedconcretefoundation
•Lime-soilandtabiafoundation
6、喷射混凝土护壁的基本原理是什么?
WhatarebasicprincipleofWallProtectionbySprayConcrete?
high-pressureispower,sand,stone,concreteandrapidsettingadmixturethatarestirreduniformlyaresenttospraygunthroughconveyingpipebyjet,high-pressurewaterismixintoitatthemomentthroughthespraygun,thentheadmixtureissprayedfromnozzletopitwall,wallprotectionofcircularconcreteisformedtobearearthpressure.
7、基坑排水的常用方法?
WhatarecommonmethodsofFoundationPitDrainage?
1)surfacedrainagemethod2)well-pointmethod
8、板桩墙的作用是什么?
WhatarefunctionofSheetPileWall?
blockingsoilaroundthefoundationpit,preventingsoilfromslidingdownandpreventingwaterfrompenetratingaroundthepitorflowingfrombottomofpit.
9、确定地基容许承载力的方法?
Whataremethodstodeterminetheallowablebearingcapacityofground?
1.Refertotheallowablebearingcapacityofadjacentbuildingsunderthesamesoilcondition;
2.Accordingtop-scurveoffieldloadingtest
3.Calculateitaccordingtotheoreticalformulaofbearingcapacity
4.Calculateitaccordingtoempiricalformulaprovidedbytheexistingcodes
三计算题
第三章桩基础的基本知识及施工
1.钻孔灌注桩:
Boredcast-in-situpile
Boredcast-in-situpileisconstructedbyaugeringintotheearthwithremovingsoil,thentheholeisformed,thereinforcementskeletonisputintotheholeandconcreteispouredintothehole,sothepileisformed.
2.摩擦桩Frictionpile:
Thepilepassesthroughandbearonallkindsofcompressionsoils,thecarryingcapacityofpileismainlyskinfrictionofpileunderverticalloadings,thiskindofpileisfrictionpile.
3.端承桩Endbearingpile:
Pilepassesthroughsoftsoillayersandbearsonhardsoillayers(sand,gravel,pebble,hardclayandsoon)orrocklayer,theratioofthelengthandthediameterisnotlarge,thecarryingcapacityofpileismainlyresistanceofpilebottomunderverticalloadings.Thiskindofpileisendbearingpile.
4.正循环旋转钻进成孔Positivecycleindrillingprocess:
slurryispressedintohalterbyslurrypumpwhiledrilling.Theslurryspraysintodrillingholefrombitthroughthecenterofdrillingpole.Theslurrycarriesdrillresidue,risealongthedrillhole,anddischargeintosendimentationtankfromtheholeonthetopofcasingpipe,drillresidueprecipitateshereandslurrygointopoolandisrecycled.
5.反循环旋转钻进成孔inversecycleindrillingprocess
Slurryflowsintoholefromannulargapbetweenthedrillpoleandholewalltocoolbitandcarrydrillresiduebackgroundfromcavityofdrillpole.
二简答题
1.简述桩基础的作用。
Whatarefunctionsofpilefoundation?
passthroughsoftcompressivesoilorwater,thebottompilefoundationcanbeactondensebearingstrata.
2.简述桩基础的特点?
Whatarecharacteristicsofpilefoundation?
highcarryingcapacity,goodstability,smallandevensedimentation,smallconsumptionofmaterial,convenientconstruction.Itcanavoidordecreaseunderwaterengineering,constructionequipmentandtechnicalrequirementaresimplified,constructionspeedisacceleratedandworkingconditionisimproved.
3简述桩基础的适用范围?
Whatareapplicationsofpilefoundation?
(1)whenloadingsarelarge,uppersoillayersaresoft,thelocationofsuitablelayerisdeep,itisunreasonalbeontechniqueandeconomyifshallowfoundationorartificialgroundisused;
(2)Erosionofriverbedislarge,riverisunstableoritisdifficulttocalculateerosiondepthcorrectly,layersunderfoundationorstructuresperhapsareerodedorscoured,itisunsafeifshallowfoundationisused.
(3)Whenthecalculatedsedimentationistoolargeorthebuildingissensitivetodifferentialsettlementofbuilding,pilefoundationcanpassthroughsoftlayer(high-compression)andtransferloadingstosolidlayers,itcandecreasesedimentationofbuildingandmakesedimentationevenly.
(4)Whenbuildingbearlargehorizontalloading,thedisplacementandtiltneedtobereduced;
(5)Whenconstructionwaterleverorgroundwaterlevelarehigh,ifotherdeepfoundation
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