新编简明英语语言学教程.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程
新编简明英语语言学教程
ChapteroneIntroduction
一、定义
1.语言学Linguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics
ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.
3.语言language
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman
communication.
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征DesignFeatures
Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit
fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定
性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Culturaltransmission文化传递
⑴arbitrariness
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationandit
makesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions
⑵Productivity
Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.
⑶Duality
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwo
levels.
⑷Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate
situationsofthespeaker.
⑸Culturaltransmission
Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobe
taughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthat
languageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwith
thecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.
5.语言能力Competence
Competenceistheidealuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
6.语言运用performance
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguistic
communication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics
Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyof
languageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentof
languageoveraperiodoftime.
8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics
Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.
9.语言langue
Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeech
community.
10.言语parole
Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
11.规定性Prescriptive
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor‖correct‖behavior,totellpeoplewhatthey
shouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.
12.描述性Descriptive
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactually
use.
二、知识点
1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it‘sasocialactivitycarriedout
inacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.
语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种
社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者:
⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:
Langue和parole的区别
⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky
in1950针对Saussure’slangueparole提出Competence和performance
⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodof
communicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarily
producedsymbols.
Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateand
interactwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditory
arbitrarysymbols.
Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,
eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.
⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美国语言学家CharlesHockett
提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures
3.theword‘language‘precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthat
linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.
Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
4.inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,what
thelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.
5.languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit's
hardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判断题
6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedin
languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。
三、问答题
1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?
whatdoeseachstudy?
Phonetics----it‘sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,
it‘sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld‘slanguages.
Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctive
soundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.
Morphology---It‘sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternal
structureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructure
ofalanguage.
Semantics---It‘ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.
Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.
Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.
Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworking
ofthemind.
Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheories
tolanguageteachingandlearning.
2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?
Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnection
betweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesounds
refer.
Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobject
isagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it‘sonlyourtacit
agreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnate
relationshipboundupintheutterance.
Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‗arbitrariness‘oflanguageis‗aroseby
anyothernamewouldsmellassweet‘.
3.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic
andmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的,其研究以确
实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon‘high‘writtenlanguage.
传统语法是规定性的,研究‘高级’书面语。
4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?
why
Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-day
language.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,
itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointof
view.
现代语言学主要是共时性的,重点研究现代语言。
除非对语言的各种
状态都进行成功的研究,否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?
Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:
⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.
⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthanin
writing.
⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.
6.howisSaussure‘sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilarto
Chomsky‘s?
BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstract
languagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingle
outthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy
TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewof
language,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,
competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?
⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrom
persontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.
1/Whatislinguistics?
什么是语言学?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.It
studiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
2/Thescopeoflinguistics
语言学的研究范畴
Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通
语言学)
Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,is
calledphonetics.(语音学)
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationis
calledphonology.(音系学)
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords
arecalledmorphology.(形态学)
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences
iscalledsyntax(句法学)
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.
(社会语言学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalled
psycho-linguistics.(心理语言学)
Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerally
knownasappliedlinguistics.(应用语言学)Butinanarrowsense,
appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesand
theoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingof
foreignandsecondlanguage.
Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,(人类语言
学)neurologicallinguistics,(神经语言学)mathematicallinguistics,
(数字语言学)andcomputationallinguistics.(计算机语言学)
3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
语言学研究中的几对基本概念
Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactually
use,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeople
whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe
prescriptive.
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammar
isprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskof
linguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,
whetheritis―correct‖ornot.
Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic
study.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.
Speechandwriting口头语与书面语
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modern
linguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthe
writtenform.Reasonsare:
1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestill
manylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,
thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthe
written,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.
Langueandparole语言和言语
TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangue
andparoleearly20thcentury.
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers
ofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguein
actualuse.Sa
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