大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题262.docx
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大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题262.docx
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大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题262
[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题262
大学英语四级分类模拟题262
ReadingComprehension
ReadingLiteratureMakesUsSmarterandNicer
A.GregoryCurrie,aprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofNottingham,recentlyarguedintheNewYorkTimesthatweoughtnottoclaimthatliteratureimprovesusaspeople,becausethereisno"convincingevidencethatsuggeststhatpeoplearemorallyorsociallybetterforreadingTolstoy"orothergreatbooks.
B.Actually,thereissuchevidence.RaymondMar,apsychologistatYorkUniversityinCanada,andKeithOatley,aretiredprofessorofcognitive(认知的)psychologyattheUniversityofToronto,reportedinstudiespublishedin2006and2009thatindividualswhooftenreadfictionappeartobebetterabletounderstandotherpeople,empathize(有同感)withthemandviewtheworldfromtheirperspective.Thislinkpersistedevenaftertheresearchersfactoredinthepossibilitythatmoreempatheticindividualsmightchoosetoreadmorenovels.A2010studybyMarfoundasimilarresultinyoungchildren:
themorestoriestheyhadreadtothem,thekeenertheir"theoryofmind,"ormentalmodelofotherpeople'sintentions.
C."Deepreading"—asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb—isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldcausedamagetotheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellastheperpetuationofacriticalpartofourculture:
thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.
D.Recentresearchincognitivescience,psychologyandneurosciencehasdemonstratedthatdeepreading—slow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity—isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemereunderstandingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelybeneficialtothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'slackofhyperlinks(超链接),forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions—ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?
—allowinghertoremainfullyfocusonthenarrative.
E.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,implicationandmetaphor(暗喻):
bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthesceneweredisplayedinreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,promptingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy.
F.Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe'revisitingTMZ(美国名人消息网).Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe"digitalnatives"forwhomitissofamiliar.
G.InMay2013,forexample,Britain'sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34,910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.
H.Tounderstandwhyweshouldbeconcernedabouthowyoungpeopleread,andnotjustwhetherthey'rereadingatall,ithelpstoknowsomethingaboutthewaytheabilitytoreadevolved."Humanbeingswereneverborntoread,"notesMaryanneWolf,directoroftheCenterforReadingandLanguageResearchatTuftsUniversityandauthorofProustandtheSquid:
TheStoryandScienceoftheReadingBrain.Unliketheabilitytounderstandandproducespokenlanguage,whichundernormalcircumstanceswillshowupaccordingtoaprogramdictatedbyourgenes,theabilitytoreadmustbeacquiredbyeachindividualthrougheffort.The"readingcircuits"weconstructarerecruitedfromstructuresinthebrainthatevolvedforotherpurposes—andthesecircuitscanbeweakortheycanbestrong,dependingonhowoftenandhowvigorouslyweusethem.
I.Thedeepreader,protectedfromdistractionsandadaptedtothetinydifferencesoflanguage,entersastatethatpsychologistVictorNell,inastudyofthepsychologyofpleasurereading,likenstoahyp
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