空置厂房的孵化器.docx
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空置厂房的孵化器.docx
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空置厂房的孵化器
外文原文
AnIncubatorforVacantFactoryBuildings
WhatwecanlearninLusatiaabout
thesuccessfulremodelingoffactorybuildings
LarsScharnholz
Inrecentyears,thechange-of-useofvacantfactorybuildingshasemergedincreasinglyasanessentialelementofdiscussioninconstructionresearch.Currentlynumerousmulti-nationalresearchprojectsareindicatingnewdirectionsforthetreatmentofformerindustrialregionsandtheirarchitecturalriches.ThecountriesofCentralEuropeareparticularlywelcomeaspartnersinsuchresearchprojects.Inthosecountriesadrasticstructuralchangeinindustryisbecomingapparentthat,ononehand,specificallydemonstratesthenatureoftheproblem,andontheother,hintsatpotentialsolutions.
BecauseofthepoliticallyandeconomicallyisolatedsituationofthecountriesthatformerlymadeuptheEasternblock,agradualstructuralchangewithinthecontextofchangingmarketsdidnotoccurthere.Thusthesecountriescameunderespeciallystrongpressuretochangeatthebeginningofthe1990s.Thesubsequentongoingpoliticalandsocio-economicunificationeffortspromotedaprocessofeconomicrecovery,butalsoallowedforthemigrationofqualifiedworkers,thesellingofentireindustriestomulti-nationalconcernsandincreasingsocialandeconomicdisparities.Inaddition,theattractionofCentralEuropeanindustriallocationsandconsequentlytheirnewmarketopportunitieswerediminishedbythepressureforglobalization,thecollapseoftraditionalareasofproduction,andanincreasingtendencytorelocateproductionprocessestonon-Europeancountries.
West–East–Transfer?
ThereforetheeconomicsituationofCentralEurope’sindustrialregionsisnotasimpleone.Inplaceswhereafewdecadesagotheengineofindustrialwealthfuelledtheeconomywithcapitalandinnovations,todaythereareclearsignsofcontinuouseconomictensions.Thefundsforasustainablestructuralrenewaldonotexistbecausetheunexpectedpoliticalchangedidnotfreeanyeconomicreservesthatmighthavebeenbuiltoverpreviousdecades.Forsolvingtheseproblems,atransferofexperiencefromthewestwouldseemtomakesense.Afterall,remodelingofindustrialregionshasbeenpracticedthereforalongtime.However,thetaskofrapideconomicrehabilitationofentireregionsisnecessarilycomplexand,intheEuropeaneast,conditionalonmanyfactors.Aquickandthoroughgoingprocessofrecoveryishardlypossible.Althoughinsightsgainedfromthewestmaybringoneclosertosolutionsintheeast,asatisfactorysolutionrequiresinvestigatingbasicconditions,dealingwithproblemsandprobingexperienceonsite.1
1Scharnholz,LarsandAleksandraWiteczek,“RestrukturierungvonSiedlungsbeständen”,in:
Garten+Landschaft,9/2004,pp21-23.HundtTobiasandLarsScharnholz,„Ost-West-Transfer:
StadtumbauerfahrungenimgesamtdeutschenKontext“,in:
Nagler,Heinz,RiklefRambowandUlrikeSturm(ed.),DeröffentlicheRauminZeitenderSchrumpfung,EditionStadtundRegion,Berlin:
LeueVerlag,2004,pp229–248.
AnIncubatorforVacantFactoryBuildings.L.Scharnholz/INIKe.V.I2
TheINIKResearchProject2
TheresearchprojectbytheGerman-PolishInstituteforNewIndustrialCulture,concludedinJuly2007,andthehandbook(German/Polish)resultingfromtheprojectisintendedtoofferinitialhelpandinspirationandtosuggestmethodsandastrategicsetofinstruments.3Thegoalwastoprovidecomplexanswerstoissuesofhistoryanddocumentationofbuildings,organizationandprojectmanagement,financialoptionsandfundingchannels,calculationmodelsandcharacteristicsoflocationaswellasinstitutionalcarrierandoperatormodels.
TheinitiallocationforourconsiderationswastheGerman-PolishregionofLusatia,ahistoricalcoalminingareaincludingadditionalcentersintextile,glass,constructionmaterialsandchemicalindustries.4Currently,aprocessoftransformationistakingplaceinthisregionthatischaracteristicfornumerousindustrialregionsofCentralEurope.OntheGermansideofthebordertheregioncomprisesthesoutheasternpartofBrandenburgandonthePolishsidethesouthernpartoftheprovinceofLubuskie.
Onthebasisofregionalplanningconsiderations,theapproachoftheresearchtakestheformofadirectconfrontationwiththebuildings.ThescopeoftheINIKconceptsrevealsthatthemainconcernisnotatallasimplematterofobtainingapowerfulinvestor.Rathertheeffortcentersonfindingnewsolutionsforuseandfinancingaswellasprojectdevelopmentandinstitutionalsupport.ConceptsofstrategicplanningarepresentedthathavebeendesignedonthebasisofspecificlocationsintheGerman-Polishborderregionandthatexaminetheunusedpotentialsofformerindustrialinstallations.
ThegoaloftheINIKresearchprojectwastoattemptbringingtogethertwopolesthatinpracticeareoftenopposedastwostrongcompetitors:
theconstructionbusinessandpreservationinterests;thisintentisbasedontheobservationthattheantagonismbetweenthetwoisnotetchedinstone,asitisoftenthoughttobe.Anewapproachthatwilldojusticetoissuesofeconomyandpreservationalikemusttaketheplaceoftheoldcompetingarguments.
Thisnewapproachwillsucceedifthedecisionmakerslearntoweighargumentsofsensitivepreservationagainstthoseofeconomicfeasibility,ataskthatpointstothefuture.Therefore,theINIKprojectseeksprimarilytostrengthenthedecisionmakersoftomorrow:
students,youngurbanandregionalplannersaswellasarchitects,butalsoscholarsofculture,economy,preservationandsociology.Finally,besidestheuniversities,wewouldliketoaddressprivateownersofoldfactoriesandinstitutionsofpublicconcernsbecausetheyhaveanimmediateinfluenceonthewaywedealwithindustrialheritage.
2Scharnholz,Lars,„UmnutzungstillgelegterFabrikanlagen.Testfelddeutsch-polnischeGrenzregion“,in:
Museumsblätter,Potsdam,MuseumsverbanddesLandesBrandenburge.V.,Nr.9,2006,2006,pp14–17.3Otto,Markus,KarlPlastrotmannandLarsScharnholz,IndustriebaualsRessource,(Forst(Lausitz),InstitutfürNeueIndustriekulture.V.,2007.4Scharnholz,Lars,“German-PolishandotherBorderCities”,in:
InternationaleBauausstellung(IBA),German-PolishandotherBorderCities–BordersasanOpportunity,ConferenceDocumentation,(Großräschen:
IBA),2001,pp12–15.
AnIncubatorforVacantFactoryBuildings.L.Scharnholz/INIKe.V.I3
TheINIK-Method
Numerousvacantfactories,formercompany-housingprojectsandindustrialwastelandsintheGerman-Polishborderregionaresignsofdeep-rootedstructuraltransformation,whichinturnistiedtomigration,demographicshiftsandeconomicchange.Atthesametime,theseunusedbuildingsandlandsrepresentapotentialforfutureusenottobeunderestimatedandposequestionsofpotentialchange-of-useandremodelingstrategies.
WithintheEU-researchproject“NewIndustrialCulture:
Border-CrossingCooperationintheAreaofResearchandDevelopment,”theInstituteforNewIndustrialCulturealongwithusersandproprietorsoffactoriesandhousingprojects,wantedtorevealthepotentialofthesebuildingsandpresenttransferableconceptsfortheirchange-of-use.Duringtheyears2005to2007theInstituteforNewIndustrialCulturehasinvestigated30locationswithintheregiondelineatedbytheriversSpree,BoberandNeißeandinneighboringcitiesinGermanyandPoland.
Afundamentalinsightoftheresearchprojectbecameapparent:
fundingandeffortsfordevelopmentcanbesuccessfulonlyifthedevelopmentalabilityoflocationsisexaminedindetail.Anexactknowledgeoftheconditionsisrequiredinordertodecidewhethertheinitialideaforachange-of-useofanindustrialsitewouldbeanewuse,acontrolledpreservationoranextensiveintermediaryuse.Aprogramfordealingwiththeoldfabricofthebuildingcanbeprovidedonlyafterananalysisoftheoften-heterogeneousinterestsofallparticipantsintheproject,thedifferentfundingandfinancialchannels,andpossibleconceptsofoperatorsorinstitutions.Necessaryforananalysisarenotpurelyarchitecturaloreconomicstrategiesbutratherinterdisciplinaryapproaches,whichwillrelyequallyondesignandplanningandonsocialandculturalaswellasecologicandeconomicconsiderations.
Thefirstpartofourresearchprojecthelpedtodeterminethestrategicmethodsforthedevelopmentofvacantindustrialbuildings.Atfirstitisimportanttoexactlydefinetheconditionsofanobject(analysis),thentheyshouldbeevaluated(evaluation)andfinallytheresultsshouldleadtoanewuse(strategy).Therecommendedapproachreliesonextensiveexperiencegatheredindealingwitholdindustrialbuildingsandcompany-housingprojectsinpastyears,thatis,internationallysuccessfulexemplarymodelsshedlightontheeffectsofthemethodspresentedinpractice.
1.AnalysisPhase
Thisincludes,besidesthedescriptionoftheconditionofthebuildinganditshistory,thepreciseinvestigationofpotentialfinancingoptionsaswellasidentifyingthepeopleinvolvedincludingtheirprofile,motivationandinterests.
2.EvaluationPhase
Thesubsequentevaluationphaseshouldincludeadetailedandruthlessevaluationoftheconditions.Whatarethepossibilitiesofachange-of-usethatresultagainstthebackgroundoftheinitiallyinvestigatedvalues?
Theevaluationphasealsosetsthegoalforproceedingfurther.
3.StrategyPhase
Inthestrategicphaseindividualmeasuresfortherevitalizationofabuildingoranindustrialsitewillbeintroduced.Potentialriskswillbeassessedandstrategiesidentifiedthataretobeavoided.Different
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- 关 键 词:
- 空置 厂房 孵化器