TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情演讲稿.docx
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TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情演讲稿.docx
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TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情演讲稿
TED英语演讲稿:
越有钱越无情?
简介:
人有了钱就会变坏?
社会心理学家PaulPiff通过操纵大富翁游戏做了一个有趣的实验,测试人们感到富有时会如何表现。
Iwantyouto,foramoment,thinkaboutplayingagameofMonopoly,exceptinthisgame,thatcombinationofskill,talentandluckthathelpearnyousuccessingames,asinlife,hasbeenrenderedirrelevant,becausethisgame'sbeenrigged,andyou'vegottheupperhand.You'vegotmoremoney,moreopportunitiestomovearoundtheboard,andmoreaccesstoresources.Andasyouthinkaboutthatexperience,Iwantyoutoaskyourself,howmightthatexperienceofbeingaprivilegedplayerinariggedgamechangethewaythatyouthinkaboutyourselfandregardthatotherplayer?
SoweranastudyontheU.C.Berkeleycampustolookatexactlythatquestion.Webroughtinmorethan100pairsofstrangersintothelab,andwiththeflipofacoinrandomlyassignedoneofthetwotobearichplayerinariggedgame.Theygottwotimesasmuchmoney.WhentheypassedGo,theycollectedtwicethesalary,andtheygottorollbothdiceinsteadofone,sotheygottomovearoundtheboardalotmore.(Laughter)Andoverthecourseof15minutes,wewatchedthroughhiddencameraswhathappened.AndwhatIwanttodotoday,forthefirsttime,isshowyoualittlebitofwhatwesaw.You'regoingtohavetopardonthesoundquality,insomecases,becauseagain,thesewerehiddencameras.Sowe'veprovidedsubtitles.RichPlayer:
Howmany500sdidyouhave?
PoorPlayer:
Justone.
RichPlayer:
Areyouserious.PoorPlayer:
Yeah.
RichPlayer:
Ihavethree.(Laughs)Idon'tknowwhytheygavemesomuch.
PaulPiff:
Okay,soitwasquicklyapparenttoplayersthatsomethingwasup.Onepersonclearlyhasalotmoremoneythantheotherperson,andyet,asthegameunfolded,wesawverynotabledifferencesanddramaticdifferencesbegintoemergebetweenthetwoplayers.Therichplayerstartedtomovearoundtheboardlouder,literallysmackingtheboardwiththeirpieceashewentaround.Weweremorelikelytoseesignsofdominanceandnonverbalsigns,displaysofpowerandcelebrationamongtherichplayers.
Wehadabowlofpretzelspositionedofftotheside.It'sonthebottomrightcornerthere.Thatallowedustowatchparticipants'consummatorybehavior.Sowe'rejusttrackinghowmanypretzelsparticipantseat.
RichPlayer:
Arethosepretzelsatrick?
PoorPlayer:
Idon'tknow.
PP:
Okay,sonosurprises,peopleareontous.Theywonderwhatthatbowlofpretzelsisdoingthereinthefirstplace.Oneevenasks,likeyoujustsaw,isthatbowlofpretzelsthereasatrick?
Andyet,despitethat,thepowerofthesituationseemstoinevitablydominate,andthoserichplayersstarttoeatmorepretzels.
RichPlayer:
Ilovepretzels.
(Laughter)
PP:
Andasthegamewenton,oneofthereallyinterestinganddramaticpatternsthatweobservedbegintoemergewasthattherichplayersactuallystartedtobecomerudertowardtheotherperson,lessandlesssensitivetotheplightofthosepoor,poorplayers,andmoreandmoredemonstrativeoftheirmaterialsuccess,morelikelytoshowcasehowwellthey'redoing.RichPlayer:
Ihavemoneyforeverything.PoorPlayer:
Howmuchisthat?
RichPlayer:
Youoweme24dollars.You'regoingtoloseallyourmoneysoon.I'llbuyit.Ihavesomuchmoney.Ihavesomuchmoney,ittakesmeforever.RichPlayer2:
I'mgoingtobuyoutthiswholeboard.RichPlayer3:
You'regoingtorunoutofmoneysoon.I'mprettymuchuntouchableatthispoint.
PP:
Okay,andhere'swhatIthinkwasreally,reallyinteresting,isthatattheendofthe15minutes,weaskedtheplayerstotalkabouttheirexperienceduringthegame.AndwhentherichplayerstalkedaboutwhytheyhadinevitablywoninthisriggedgameofMonopoly--(Laughter)—theytalkedaboutwhatthey'ddonetobuythosedifferentpropertiesandearntheirsuccessinthegame,andtheybecamefarlessattunedtoallthosedifferentfeaturesofthesituation,includingthatflipofacointhathadrandomlygottenthemintothatprivilegedpositioninthefirstplace.Andthat'sareally,reallyincredibleinsightintohowthemindmakessenseofadvantage.
NowthisgameofMonopolycanbeusedasametaphorforunderstandingsocietyanditshierarchicalstructure,whereinsomepeoplehavealotofwealthandalotofstatus,andalotofpeopledon't.Theyhavealotlesswealthandalotlessstatusandalotlessaccesstovaluedresources.AndwhatmycolleaguesandIforthelastsevenyearshavebeendoingisstudyingtheeffectsofthesekindsofhierarchies.Whatwe'vebeenfindingacrossdozensofstudiesandthousandsofparticipantsacrossthiscountryisthatasaperson'slevelsofwealthincrease,theirfeelingsofcompassionandempathygodown,andtheirfeelingsofentitlement,ofdeservingness,andtheirideologyofself-interestincreases.Insurveys,wefoundthatit'sactuallywealthierindividualswhoaremorelikelytomoralizegreedbeinggood,andthatthepursuitofself-interestisfavorableandmoral.NowwhatIwanttodotodayistalkaboutsomeoftheimplicationsofthisideologyself-interest,talkaboutwhyweshouldcareaboutthoseimplications,andendwithwhatmightbedone.
Someofthefirststudiesthatweraninthisarealookedathelpingbehavior,somethingsocialpsychologistscallpro-socialbehavior.Andwewerereallyinterestedinwho'smorelikelytoofferhelptoanotherperson,someonewho'srichorsomeonewho'spoor.Inoneofthestudies,webringinrichandpoormembersofthecommunityintothelabandgiveeachofthemtheequivalentof10dollars.Wetoldtheparticipantsthattheycouldkeepthese10dollarsforthemselves,ortheycouldshareaportionofit,iftheywantedto,withastrangerwhoistotallyanonymous.They'llnevermeetthatstrangerandthestrangerwillnevermeetthem.Andwejustmonitorhowmuchpeoplegive.Individualswhomade25,000sometimesunder15,000dollarsayear,gave44percentmoreoftheirmoneytothestrangerthandidindividualsmaking150,000or200,000dollarsayear.
We'vehadpeopleplaygamestoseewho'smoreorlesslikelytocheattoincreasetheirchancesofwinningaprize.Inoneofthegames,weactuallyriggedacomputersothatdierollsoveracertainscorewereimpossible.Youcouldn'tgetabove12inthisgame,andyet,thericheryouwere,themorelikelyyouweretocheatinthisgametoearncreditstowarda$50cashprize,sometimesbythreetofourtimesasmuch.
Werananotherstudywherewelookedatwhetherpeoplewouldbeinclinedtotakecandyfromajarofcandythatweexplicitlyidentifiedasbeingreservedforchildren--(Laughter)—participating--I'mnotkidding.IknowitsoundslikeI'mmakingajoke.Weexplicitlytoldparticipantsthisjarofcandy'sforchildrenparticipatinginadevelopmentallabnearby.They'reinstudies.Thisisforthem.Andwejustmonitoredhowmuchcandyparticipantstook.Participantswhofeltrichtooktwotimesasmuchcandyasparticipantswhofeltpoor.
We'veevenstudiedcars,notjustanycars,butwhetherdriversofdifferentkindsofcarsaremoreorlessinclinedtobreakthelaw.Inoneofthesestudies,welookedatwhetherdriverswouldstopforapedestrianthatwehadposedwaitingtocrossatacrosswalk.NowinCalifornia,asyouallknow,becauseI'msurewealldothis,it'sthelawtostopforapedestrianwho'swaitingtocross.Sohere'sanexampleofhowwedidit.That'sourconfederateofftotheleftposingasapedestrian.Heapproachesastheredtrucksuccessfullystops.IntypicalCaliforniafashion,it'sovertakenbythebuswhoalmostrunsourpedestrianover.(Laughter)Nowhere'sanexampleofamoreexpensivecar,aPrius,drivingthrough,andaBMWdoingthesame.Sowedidthisforhundredsofvehiclesonseveraldays,justtrackingwhostopsandwhodoesn't.Whatwefoundwasthatastheexpensivenessofacarincreased,thedriver'stendenciestobreakthelawincreasedaswell.Noneofthecars,noneofthecarsinourleastexpensivecarcategorybrokethelaw.Closeto50percentofthecarsinourmostexpensivevehiclecategorybrokethelaw.We'verunotherstudiesfindingthatwealthierindividualsaremorelikelytolieinnegotiations,toendorseunethicalbehavioratworklikestealingcashfromthecashregister,takingbribes,lyingtocustomers.
NowIdon'tmeantosuggestthatit'sonlywealthypeoplewhoshowthesepatternsofbehavior.Notatall.Infact,Ithinkthatweall,inourday-to-day,minute-by-minutelives,strugglewiththesecompetingmotivationsofwhen,orif,toputourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople.Andthat'sunderstandablebecausetheAmericandreamisanideainwhichweallhaveanequalopportunitytosucceedandprosper,aslongasweapplyourselvesandworkhard,andapieceofthatmeansthatsometimes,youneedtoputyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsandwell-beingofotherpeoplearoundyou.Butwhatwe'refindingisthat,thewealthieryouare,themorelikelyyouaretopursueavisionofpersonalsuccess,ofachievementandaccomplishment,tothedetrimentofothersaroundyou.HereI'veplottedforyouthemeanhouseholdincomereceivedbyeachfifthandtopfivepercentofthepopulationoverthelast20years.In1993,thedifferencesbetweenthedifferentquintilesofthepopulation,intermsofincome,arefairlyegregious.It'snotdifficulttodiscernthattherearedifferences.Butoverthelast20years,thatsignificantdifferencehasbecomeagrandcanyonofsortsbetweenthoseatthetopandeveryoneelse.Infact,thetop20percentofourpopulationowncloseto90percentofthetotalwealthinthiscountry.We'reatunprecedentedlevelsofeconomicinequality.Whatthatmeans
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