现代汉语基础语法知识Basic grammar knowledge in modern Chine.docx

现代汉语基础语法知识Basic grammar knowledge in modern Chine.docx

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现代汉语基础语法知识BasicgrammarknowledgeinmodernChine

现代汉语基础语法知识（BasicgrammarknowledgeinmodernChinese）

BasicgrammarknowledgeinmodernChinese

I.overviewofgrammaticalknowledge

（I）partsofspeech

Chinesewordscanbedividedinto12categories.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,numerals,quantifiersandadverbs,pronounsarewords,prepositions,conjunctions,Interjectionsandonomatopoeicwords,auxiliarywordsarefunctionwords.

Noun:

thenameofthepeopleandthingsofwords.Suchas:

cucumber,cabbage,tractor,computer".

Specialnamesarecalledspecialnouns,suchasYunnan,Shanghai,LiBai,BaiJuyi".

Thenameofanabstractthingiscalledanabstractnoun,suchascategory,thought,quality,character,friendship,method".Directionsarecalled"locativenouns",suchas"upper","lower","left","right","front","later","middle","East","West","south","North","front","back","East","south","middle",andsoon.

Verb:

theact,act,development,orchangeofapersonorthing.

Someverbsmeangeneralactions,suchas:

come,go,say,walk,run,learn,takeoff,examine,understand,etc..

Someverbsexpresspsychologicalactivities,suchas"think,payattentionto,respect,understand,believe,admireandmiss",etc.thefrontofsuchverbscanoftenbeadded"very,very,very."".

Someverbsthatcanandarewillingtothemeaning,called"verbs",theyare"ableto,should,Ken,dare,（DEI）,canandshouldbe,shouldbewillingto,can,may,must,theseverbsareoftenusedinfrontofgeneralverbs,suchas"tobeabletodo,canbeconsidered,willingtolearn,shouldsay,maydevelop".

Someverbsindicatethetrend,called"directionalverb",suchas"come"and"go,upanddown,inandout,upanddown,upanddown,overthepast,andtheyareoftenusedingeneralverbsthattrend,suchas"jumpup,down,up,ran".

"Yes"and"yes"arealsoverbs,thesameasverbs.

Adjectivesdescribetheshape,style,nature,etcofathing,suchas"many,little,tall,fat,stiff,extravagant,timid,ugly."".

Numeral:

numeralisthewordthatexpressesthenumberofthings.Suchas"oneortwo,twoorthree,seven,ten,100,thousand,tenmillion,half"and"half"".

Quantifier:

aquantifierisawordthatexpressesathingoranactionunit.Chinesequantifiersaredividedintonominalquantifiersandmomentumwords.

Nounquantifiersrepresentthequantityofthings,andcanbedividedintounitquantifiersandmetricquantifiers.

Aunitofmeasureindicatingthings,suchas"a","Zhang","Zhi","Zhi","Ben","platform","shelf","car","Star","tree","head","inter","handle","fan",etc.;

Metricquantifiersmeasurethings,suchasinches,feet,feet,pounds,two,tons,liters,buckets,gallons,volts,ohms,cubicmeters".

Thenumberofactionsexpressedbyaverb,suchasthe"second","lower","back",and"field",usedinfrontandbackofverbs".

Adverbs:

adverbsarealwaysusedbeforeverbsandadjectives,suchas"very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,veryquickly,immediately,unexpectedly,once,unexpectedly,anew,constantly,"etc..Adverbsareusuallyusedinfrontofverbsandadjectives.Suchas"come,goimmediately,verywell,startagain",only"very","extreme"canbeusedinverbs,adjectives,suchascomplement,suchas"happy,veryfondof."".

Preposition:

aprepositionisalwayscombinedwithotherwordstoformaprepositionalphrase,whichisusedasanattribute,anadverbialmodifierandancomplement.Suchas"from","towards","towards","for","for","for","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","".

Conjunctions:

conjunctionscanlinkwords,phrases,sentences,andevenparagraphs.Suchas"harmony"and"or",or"or"or","or"".

Connectivescanberegardedasconjunctions,suchas"because"......So,notonly......And,though......But".

Auxiliarywordsattachedtowords,phrases,orsentences.Auxiliarywordscanbedividedintothreecategories.

Akindofstructuralauxiliarywords,theyare","","","","","","","like"";

Onekindisdynamicauxiliaryword,theyare"go","go","pass"and"pass"";

Oneisthemodalparticles,suchas"ah,"","","","ah","ah","ah","wow","wow","wow",and"wow"?

".

Interjection:

thatsigh,calling,answeringawordcalledinterjection.Suchas:

Hello,yo,hi,hum,oh,ohdear".Interjectionisalwaysaseparatesentence.

Onomatopoeia:

thewordthatsimulatessounds.Suchas"wow","woof","bang","giggle","ShaShaSha","Hula"".

（two）phrases

Wordsandwordscanformphrasesaccordingtocertainrules.Phrasesaregrammaticalunitsthatarelargerthanwordsandsmallerthansentences.TherearemanykindsofphrasesinChinese,andthemostbasiconesarethefollowingseven.

Jointphrase:

aphraseconsistingofwordsofequalrankiscalledacombiningphrase.

Suchas"Chinesecabbageandcelery","bananas,orangesandoranges"investigation,research,"toacceptandhear"magnificent,"whiteandfat."".

Slantphrase:

apartofastraightphraseisacentralword.Thereisalwaysamodifierinfrontofit.

Suchasthe"bigcity,smallvillages,excellentresults,theelectroniccomputer"（thisisaphraseinnouncentered）;"slow,hardwork,carefulanalysis,particularlylarge,thebest"（thisistheverbandadjectiveasthecenterofthephrase）.

Complementphrase:

Thisisthecomplementbehindphrasessuchas"sitdown,fall,getup,beplacedhere,bravelysaid".

Verbobjectphrase:

Thisisthephrasewiththeobjectatthebackoftheverb.Suchas"buyfood,writenovels,watchTV,gorelatives,runmaterials,repaircars,buymedicines."".

Subjectpredicatephrase:

theobjectinfrontofthespeaker,thephraseformedafterthespeaker,iscalled"subjectpredicatephrase",asifasentence,butthereisnosentencetone,andthereforenosentenceindependence.Suchaslights,telephone,schoolopening,magnificentmountainsandrivers,springrain,riversPentium,themotherlandstrongandprosperous".

Prepositionalphrase:

aprepositionalphraseinwhichtheotherwords（majornounsornounphrases）areformedintheback.Suchas:

inChina,tothem,toXinjiang,fromthisyear,abouthim,towardseveryone,towardsBeijing,inthisway,forthemasses,thantheinterestsofindividuals".

Awordphrase:

using""inthelastphrase,equivalenttoanoun.

Suchas"teaching,driving,walking,advanced,handflowers,thenameoftheheadwithabow".

（three）sentenceelements

Therearesixconstituentsinasentence:

subject,predicate,object,complement,attribute,adverbial.

Subjectandpredicate:

subjectistheobjecttobestatedinasentence,andpredicateisusedtoindicatethesubject.

Ingeneral,thesubjectisinfrontandthepredicateisbehind.

（1）"wearescattered.（partbyhorse）

（2）treeiscoveredwithyellowflowers,"isnotoutstanding.（LitchiHoney）

（3）Ican'tforget"ishisback.（back）

（4）useofphonologicalknowledgetoagriculturalproduction,andhasdevelopedintoascience.（languageofnature）

（5）themagnificentcolonnade,elegantcolors,aswellasmanylevelsaroundthefacadeofthebuilding,"composedofastatelydrawing.（GrandHallofthepeople）

Thatthesubjectis"everyone"and"treeiscoveredwithyellowflowers.""Ican'tforget"theuseofphonologicalknowledgetostudyagriculturalproduction"and"themagnificentcolonnade,elegantcolors,aswellasmanylevelsaroundthefacadeofthebuilding,theonepredicateis"scattered"notoutstanding"ishis"shadow"hasdevelopedintoascience"composedofastatelydrawing".

Itisalsopossibletothinkofthecentralwordassubjectandpredicate.Suchas:

（6）acrudebedofDazhu"withathickstraw.（"Yilupear"）

（7）"infactthismicrofilmtechnologyasearlyasnineteenthCentury,whenheusedtheFrancoPrussianwar.（fromOracletomicrofilmLibrary）

Itcanbearguedthatthe"bamboobed"techniqueisthesubject,andthat"laying"and"using"arethepredicates.

Objectandcomplement:

theobjectisoftentheobjectoftheaction,andalwaysatthebackoftheverb.Complementisthecomplementofaverbadjective.Suchas:

（1）thereisamanonthebridgefoot,butitismymother.（LuXun"drama"）

（2）whatIcan'tforgetishisback.（back）

（3）Shawcaptainsaid:

"advancedtobringbackward.".（partbyhorse）

（4）:

Leninthoughtthattheproletariatinthecapitalistcountriestosupportthecolonialandsemicolonialpeople'sstruggleforliberationofthecolonialandsemicolonialproletarianshouldupholdtheproletariatinthecapitalistcountriesoftheliberationstruggle,thevictoryoftheworldrevolutionto.（inmemoryofBethune）

Undertheword,alltheobjectsarewired.Anotherobjectiscalled"doubleobject",forexample:

（5）peoplecallittheImperialPalacenow.（theImperialPalaceMuseum）

（6）Igaveherabook.

"It","she"isthenearobject（indirectobject）,"theImperialPalace","abook"isthe"distantobject"（directobject）.

（7）it'sfunnytosay,whenIwasachild,Ioncewentbacktothetreetopinchthecrabappleflowers.Ididn'twanttocallabeestung.（LitchiHoney）

（8）I'mwanderingaloneinthefield.（"digshepherd'spurse"）

（9）theConghualitchitreeslikeagreensea<>,thefloweringseason,fullofwildbeesbuzzing,toobusytoforget"soonerorlater",sometimesevenunderthemoonlightflowerhoney.（LitchiHoney）

（10）Iwasreallycleveratthattime.（back）

（11）peopleolderthanmetendtodothat.I'vemet[severaltimes].（"fromBaicaogardentoSanwei"）

Allthecomplementsinthebracketsarecomplementverbs,adjectivesandadjectives.

Attributiveandadverbial:

attributiveisthemodifierofnounphrase,andadverbialisthemodifierofverbalandadjectivewords.

（1）whenIsawthebackofhim,myte