人文知识.docx
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人文知识.docx
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人文知识
GeoGeography
GreatBritain
America
Canada
Australia
NewZealand
mountain
BenNevis(Highestmountain)
Scafell(highestpeak)
ThePennies(mountainchain)
RockyMountains(‘backbone‘or‘continentaldivide’)
Thegreatcentralplain
TheAppalachianmountains
MountLogan(highestpeak)
Mountcook(highestpeak)
Mountruapehu(highesthillinnorthisland)
river
SevernRiver(longest)
ThamesRiver(mostimportant)
theMississippiriver(‘fatherofwaters,’oldmanriver’)
Ohioriver(‘AmericanRuhr’)
St.Lawrence(mostimportant)
theMackenzie(longest)
TheMurrayriver(longestand
Biggest)
LakeTaupo(largest)
lakes
LoughNeigh(largest)
LochLomond(largestinScot)
Windermere(largestinEngland)
LakeVyrnwy(largestinWales)
Thegreatlakes
lakeMichigan:
entirelyinUS
others:
Superior,Huron,Erie,Ontario
Greatbearlake(largest)
Greatslavelake(deepest)
Thegreatlakes
LakeEyre(largest)
TheCluthariver(largestinsouth
WaikatoriverandWanganuiriver(largestinnorth)
climate
Maritimetype
Reasons:
surroundingwaters
Theprevailingsoutheastwinds
TheNorthAtlanticDrift
Northeastern:
humidcontinentalclimate
Southeastern:
humidsubtropicalclimate
Thegreatplains:
continental
Steppeclimate
Intermountain:
continental
Desertclimate
Pacificnorthwest:
maritime
climate
Mainly:
temperatecontinentalclimate
Thenorth:
polarclimate
Thewest:
TemperateMaritimeClimate
Desertorsemiarid
Plants:
Eucalypts,wattles
Animals:
kangaroos,emus,
budgerigars
Fromcooltemperatetowarmtemperate(January—warmest,July
—coldest)
Christchurch—thedriestcity
Auckland—thewettestcity
Reasons:
itslatitudezone
Oceanicenvironment
MountainsespeciallythesouthernAlps
Ethnic
groups
Firstsettlers:
theIberians
TheEnglish(mainly):
Anglo-Saxon
TheScottish,thewelsh,the
Irish,thenorthIrish:
Celts
Originalhabitants:
Indian
Immigrantsfromallovertheworld(mainlyfromEurope
Originalhabitants:
the
EskimosorInuitandIndians
Immigrations(mainlydescendantofBritainand
France)
Firstinhabitants:
indigenous
Australians
Immigration(mainlyfrom
Britain)
Firstinhabitants:
Maori(10%)
Immigration:
allaroundtheworld
cities
London(capital,largestcity,largestport)
Birmingham(secondlargest)
Edinburgh(capitalofScotland)
Cardiff(capitalofWales)
Belfast(capitalofnorthernIreland)
Glasgow(thirdlargest,largestcityandportinScotland)
Manchester(centeroftextile)
WashingtonD.C.(capital)
NewYork(biggestcityandport,’thebigapple’,’Gotham’,
Thecitythatneversleeps’,
‘thecapitaloftheworld’,’the
Empirecity’)
Boston(美国雅典)
LosAngeles(加州最大城市,secondlargest)
Chicago(thirdlargestcity,
Called’thesecondcity’,’thewindycity’)
SanFrancisco(西海岸门户)
Quebec(largestprovince,Frenchculture)
Toronto(largest)
Montreal(second)
Vancouver(third)
Ottawa(capital)
Canberra(capital)
Sydney(largest)
Melbourne(second,cultural
Andsportscenter)
States:
Newsouthwales(oldest,
Largestpopulation)
WesternAustralia(biggest
State)
Tasmania(smalleststate)
Wellington(capital)
Auckland(largest)
History
GreatBritain
America
Canada
Australia
NewZealand
In700BC,TheCeltscameintoBritain
1600-1900
Pre-Columbianperiod
Thecontinentwasfounded
ByanItalianexplorerjohn
Cabot
WilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishmantoreach
AustraliaandJamescookfinallyputitonthemap
ThefirstEnglishmantothiscountrywascaptainJamesCook
(55BC-410AD)
In55BC,JuliusCaesarattacked
Butfailed
In43AD,ClaudiusconqueredthecountrywithoutScotland
1492,ChristopherColumbus
Foundthenewcontinent
1607,firstcolonywasfounded
AtJamestown,Virginia
In1608,SamueldeChamplain
EstablishedthehabitationinQuebeccity
OnJanuary1th,1901,thecommonwealthofAustraliacameintobeing
thefirstministerwasEdmundBarton
In1840,theTreatyofWaitangiwassignedbetweenWilliamHobsonandvariousMaorichiefs,whichbroughtthecountryintotheBritainEmpireandgaveMaorithesamerights
(446-871)
Theangles,SaxonsandjutescametoBritain
In1776,thecoloniesproclaim
Theindependenceandthe
Declarationofindependence
Wasdrafted
Afterthesevenyears’war,
TheFrenchwereforcedtogivetheCanadatoBritain
1916,AnzacDay(澳新军团节)wasAustralia’smostimportantholiday
In1865,thecapitalWallingtonwassettled
In1066,TheNormanconquestbuilttheFeudalsysteminEnglandIntroducedChristianity
In1783,thetreatyofParies
RecognizedtheUSA
1789,thegovernmentwasset
TheQuebecactof1774grantedthepeopleofQuebec
RightsasFrenchCanadians
1950-1966,therewasaboomineconomicgrowthundermenzies’srule
In1893,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytogivewomanthe
Righttovote
In1215,Thegreatcharter—alimitationOfthepoweroftheking
1861-1865,thecivilwarandLincolndeclaredEmancipation
Proclamation,in1865,theThirteenthAmendmentbannedslavery
In1867,threecolonies-Quebec
NewBrunswickandnovascotiajoinedinaconfederationbythe
BritishNorthAmericaAct
In1972,goughWhitlamestablishedrelationship
WithChina
In1216,ThesummonofthegreatCouncillaterdevelopedintoThehouseoflordsandthe
Houseofcommons
USjointtheworldwarinApril
1917
In1931,Canadabecameamemberofthecommonwealth
Ofnations
(1337-1453)
Thehundredyearswarwith
France(reducedlaborlargely)
In1920s,Americaenjoyedaperiodofunbalancedprosperity-materialsuccessbutspiritualfrustrationorconfusion
In1949,newfoundlandbecame
Canada’stenthprovince
(1455-1485)
Thewarofroses
Lancaster-redrose
York-whiterose
HenryTudorwonthebattle
In1920s,Americaexperienced
ThegreatdepressionandfranklinRoosevelt’sNewDeal
(1642-1651)
Thecivilwars
Charles(supportfromnorth
Andwest)
Theparliament(southeast)
Charleswasexecutedin1649
In1660,Therestoration
KingCharles2ndreturnfromFrance)
In1941,japanattackthepearl
HarborandthenextdayUSAjointthesecondworldwar
‘adatewhichwillliveininfamy’
In1688,Thegloriousrevolution
WilliamoforangeandMarypassedBillofRights
1707TheActofUnionunitedEnglandandScotland
In1949,thenorthAtlantictreatywassigned-militaryalliance
(1780-1830)
Theindustrialrevolution
1950-1975,theVietnamwar,
Thepolicyofcontainmentbadlyinfluencethecountry
(1830-1848)
Thechartistmovement
TheparliamentpassedThePeople’sCharter
1945-1989,thecoldwarbetweenAmericaandthesovietunion-theKoreanwarandtheCubanmissilecrisis
Politics
GreatBritain
America
Canada
Australia
NewZealand
Thestatesystem
Constitutionalmonarchy
Establishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples:
Federalism,theseparationof
Powers(checksandbalance)andrespectfortheconstitution(oldestintheworld)andtheruleoflaw
名义上是constitutional
Monarchy实际上是
Parliamentarydemocracy
Theheadofstate:
Elizabeth2th
Theviceroy(总督)
Primeminister
Federation
Thehead:
thequeenofUK
Itconsistsofthefederalparliament,sixstate
Parliamentsandgovernments,about900localgovernmentsandsixstategovernors
Asovereignindependent
State,withaparliamentary
Governmentanda
Constitutionalmonarchy
Head:
queenElizabeth2th
Executivepower
UKgovernment,primeministeristheheadofgovernmentand20ministersmakeupthecabinet
Presidentiselectedtoa4year
Termwithonlytwoterms
Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yearterm
Thecabinet
Thegovernmentisformedby
Thepartythatholdsamajorityofseats
Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yeartermThecabinet
Legislativepower
Thegovernmentandthetwochambersofparliament
Thehouseofrepresentatives(2-yeartermwith435members)
Andthesenate(6-yeartermwith100members)
Judiciary
Independentoftheabovetwo,Britainhadnowrittenconstitutionsandtheconstitutionconsistsofstatelaw,thecommonlawsandconventions
Thesupremecourt(createdbytheconstitution,1chiefjustice
And8associatejustices)
Federalcourtsofappeal(11)
Federaldistrict(91)
Supremecourt(1chiefjusticeand8puisnejusticeuntiltheageof75)
Provincecourt
Nativecourt
Itisindependentofthe
government
parliament
Thesupremelegislativebody,itconsistsofthesovereign,thehouseoflords(temporalandspiritual)andthehouseofcommons(651membersandelectionheldevery5years)
Themonarch,thesenate(105membersuntiltheageof75)andThehouseofcommons(308members,lessthan5years)
Thehouseofrepresentatives(150membersfor3-yearterm)andthesenate(76membersfor6-yearterm)
Electiontakeplaceevery3years
Hasonlyonechamber-
Thehouseofrepresentatives(120membersandelectedfor3
years
parties
Mainparties
Conservativeparty
Laborparty
Theliberaldemocrats(
Thirdlargestparty)
Thedemocraticparty
Therepublicanparty
Theliberalparty
Theprogressiveconservative
party
Australianlaborparty
LiberalpartyofAustralia
NationalpartyofAustralia
Thenationalparty(center-
Rightconservative)
Thelaborparty(center-left
Progressive)
Economy
GreatBritain
America
Canada
Australia
NewZealand
Primaryindustries
Agriculture:
2%population
Manage70%land
Thebestlandisinthe
Southeast
Maincrops:
wheat,barley
Fishing
Mining:
coal
Produce1/4ofworldgrainandsell1/2ofthegrain
Produce50%ofthecornintheworld(Midwest,Iowa)
Biggestproduceranduserof
Tobaccointheworld
Oneoftheworld’slargest
Supplierofagriculturalproducts
MainlyproduceWheat
NaturalresourcesmainlyexporttoJapan,Ch
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