四级辅导写作讲义.docx
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四级辅导写作讲义.docx
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四级辅导写作讲义
评分标准:
(语言,内容)
1.内容要切题,统一:
写作内容要围绕题目规定的话题展开。
提纲式作文要求根据提纲规定的内容和范围展开段落,不能按照自己的思路发挥。
且一个段落或一篇文章只有一个中心观点,其他各句,各段均围绕这一中心观点展开描写或论述,否则会留下思路混乱的印象。
2.语篇连贯:
层次分明,条理清楚。
上下文之间,词与词之间,句与句之间要上下连贯,前后呼应,这样文章结构才会严谨,思路清晰,有条理。
注意连词,衔接词,指示代词的运用,过度词使文章自然流畅以防生硬。
3.语言准确:
用词和语法的准确性。
无重大语法错误,如:
时态不一致,主谓数不一致,用词不当等。
4.句式多样性:
为避免句型的单调,增加句式的多样性和语言的表现力,在文章中应使用不同结构,不同类型,不同长短的句子,如:
简单句,复杂句,倒装句,排比句,感叹句等。
如何提高写作水平?
选词
存在的问题
**喜欢用老生常谈的词汇如:
喜欢like,enjoy,prefer,love;不能做什么can’tdo,failtodo,unabletodo
1.good:
positive(effect),favorable(impression),promising(有希望的future),perfect,pleasant(weather),excellent,outstanding,superior(to)
2.bad:
dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的),lessimpressive
eg.Anarmyofcollegestudentsindulgethemselvesinplayinggames,enjoyingromancewithgirls/boysorkillingtimepassivelyintheirdorms.Whenitapproachestograduation,asaresult,theyfindtheiracademicrecordsarelessimpressive.
3.many:
(anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,)
4.some:
asliceof,quietafew,several
5.think:
harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat)
6.inmyopinion:
formypart,frommyownperspective
7.frownonsth替换beagainst,disagreewithsth
8.getmanybenefits:
reaphugefruits
9.moreandmore:
Increasing(ly),growing修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.Eg.sthhasgainedgrowingpopularity.Sthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.
10.Helpful:
beneficial,rewarding
11.Customer:
shopper,consumer,purchaser
12.Very:
exceedingly,extremely,intensely
13.attractone'sattention:
captureone'sattentionpourattentioninto替换payattentionto
14.cause:
giveriseto,leadto,resultin,trigger
15.reasonsforsth:
Thereareseveralreasonsbehindsth
16.Want:
desire
17.Remember:
bearinmindthat
18.Have:
enjoy(highsocialstatus/salary)
19.Should:
beexpectedto;besupposedto;It’simperativeforsbtodo
**喜欢用汉语式的思维来对译英语词汇,忽视其内涵,如:
Iambadingrammarandvocabulary(bad---poor)
Iwanttohearthemusic(hear---listento)
Ifyoumeetsometrouble,youcanlookforthepoliceman.(turnto)
Ifyouhavenomoneytospend,youcanaskfromyourparentsandfriends(asksbforsth)
Disadvantagesaremorethanadvantages(outweigh)
选词标准
1.用熟悉的词,不用生僻,把握不准的词e.g.home,house,habitation;stop,pause,cessation
2.用简洁的词代替短语,句子For,forthepurposeof;aftergraduation,aftershehadgraduated
3.用具体词代替抽象词,尽量用小词不用大词或华丽的辞藻,让事实说话,避免空洞e.g.Chinaisabigcountry.ItgasalargepopulationandChinesepeopleareverygood.---ThetotalareaofChinaisover9.6millionsquaremeters.Ithasapopulationofabout1.4billionandChinesepeopleareverykind/warm-hearted/honest/selfless/friendly/amiable
4.用词应多样话,尽量多用近义词,同义词,反义词给文章增色,使用人称代词,指示代词来代替上文提到的人或事,使文章更加紧凑简洁,避免重复。
5.尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。
如使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。
多用名词,介词词组:
itisofgreatimportance/help/use/significance替代itisveryimportant/significant/helpful/useful
造句
存在的问题
1.句子罗嗦冗长,重复表达,不简洁。
Inmyopinion,IthinkthatmanyfamilieshavethemoneytobuyaTVset.
----IthinkthatanyfamiliescanaffordaTVset.
2.句式变化少,多简单句,主动语态和陈述句
First,Igototheclass.Iamabsorbedinmylesson.Itakenotes.Thus,Iwillpasstheexamination.Second,Igotothelibrary.ForIamnotsatisfiedwithwhatIhavelearnedintheclass.Imustgotothelibrarytoenrichmyknowledge.
---First,IgototheclassroomwhereIamabsorbedinmylessonbytakingnotesinordertopasstheexamination.Second,libraryisagoodplacetoenrichmyknowledge,forI’mnotsatisfiedwithwhatI’velearned.
3.句子语法结构错误多
Americanpeoplearepatrioticandlovetomeetchallenge.(andaggressive)
Englishisausefullanguage,shedecides.tolearnit.
---Englishissousefulalanguagethatshedecidestolearnit.
有效句的标准特点
1.完整性(语义不完整)
e.g.Dofuwasoneofthegreatestpoets.---…oftheTangPeriod.
Sheistooyoung.Becauseitisuseful.
2.连贯性(句中的成分间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系,思路清晰)
平行结构有缺点
Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandaverycapableyoungwoman.
代词指代不清
Hewasknockeddownbyabike,butitwasnotserious.(butwasnotbadlyhurt.)
I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becausehe’sadramatistIlike.(thespeaker)
修饰语与被修饰语间的关系不明确
Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.(hesettheclockatsix)
Althoughseriouslyill,thebossmadeherworktenhoursaday.(shehadtowork)
Hegiveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,whichnobodybelieve.(,areasonwhichnobodybelieved.)
人称,数时态有混乱之处
Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.(he)
Hisjobwasapoliceman(hewasapoliceman)
3.精练性
Itwasblueincolor,andsmallinsize.(Itwasblueandsmall)
HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.(inearlyAugust)
MrSmithusuallylikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.(MrSmithpreferswinesproducedinFrance/Frenchwines)
4.强调性(突出重心,层次感)
Theywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomen’svolleyballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinTokyo.
=Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorywonbythewomen’s…inTokyo.
Liisanewstudent.Hecomesfromasouthernprovince.Hespeaksadialect.Wefindithardtounderstandhisdialect.
=Li,anewstudentfroma…,speaksadialectwhichisdifficultforustounderstand.
5.句式多样化(好文章的基本要求,为使其更具吸引力,避免全文用结构相同长度相近的句子,否则文章显得单调,呆板,说服力不强)
句子多样化的手段
1)改变句子结构粗心驾驶易引起车祸
Trafficaccidentsareinvitedbycarelessdriving
Carelessdrivinginvitestrafficaccidents.
Foranyonetodrivecarelesslyistoinvitethetrafficaccidents.
Thefactthatyoudrivecarelesslyinvitestrafficaccidents.
Drivingcarelesslyinvitestrafficaccidents.
Trafficaccidentsarewhatcarelessdrivinginvites.
Anyonewhodrivescarelesslyistoinvitetrafficaccidents.
2)改变句子长度
Americaisanewcountry.It’sanationofnations.Peoplefromallovertheworldexplodedanddevelopedthisnewcountry.Everyoneisconsideredequal.Theymakeanamethroughhardwork.It’saclasslesssociety.Afarmer’ssoncanworkhiswayuptobeapresident.==
Explodedanddevelopedbythepeoplefromallovertheworld,Americaisanewcountry,anationofnations,aclasslesssocietywhereeveryoneisconsideredequal,everyonecanmakeanamethroughhardwork,evenafarmer’ssoncanworkhiswayuptobeapresident.
3)改变句子主语
I’msoangrythatIcan’tutteraword.=angerchokedmywords.
Istudiedinacollegein1991.==1991found(witness,saw)mestudyinginacollege.
ThereisagreatchangeinChinain2008.
Wecouldn’tgooutbecauseofheavyrain.==Heavyrainpreventedusfromgoingout.
Itoftenmeansademandingjobtolearnanewlanguage.==learninganewlanguageoftenmeansademandingjob.
Wearestillnotclearwithwhattheteachertaughtlasttime.==Whattheteachertaughtlasttimeisstillnotverycleartous.
4)改变句子开头
以分词开头e.g.wakingupinthemorning,Idressedquickly.
以不定式开头e.g.Towinthematch,thevolleyballplayerspracticedveryhard.
以形容词开头e.g.Intelligentandhardworking,thegirlpassedthetest.
以副词开头e.g.Finally,thetimefordecisionhadcome.
以同位语开头e.g.Anexpertinforestforecontrol,theforestrangertalkedtothecampersaboutsafetyinthewoods.
以状语从句开头e.g.Whenhewasfour,hebegantotakemusiclessonsfromhismother.
5)适当使用修辞,如倒装,强调,加强语气,渲染气氛。
Exercises:
Thepioneerwasstrongandhealthyandlivedtobe112yearsold.(adj)
Tombeganhistravelsataveryearlyageandhadmanyunusualandcolorfuladventures.(participles)
Hekeptsilentwhenweaskedhimabouthisfamily(participle)
Wewereabsorbedinworkandforgotourlunch.(participle)
SentenceCombiningExercises
**1.Hedidn’twritetheletterhimself.Heaskedhisfriendtodoit.
===Insteadofwritingtheletterhimself,heaskedhisfriendtodoit.
2.Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasks.Theyareintelligentanddevotedtotheirowners.===Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasksbecauseoftheirintelligenceanddevotiontotheirowners.
3.Fordproducescheapercars.FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.
===Besidesproducingcheapercars,FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.
4.JohnSmithplantedthesedwarfappletreesthreeyearsago.Theyhavenotbornanyfruit.
===Thesedwarfappletrees,whichJohnSmithplantedthreeyearsago,havenotbornanyfruit.
5.Thetallhedgemuffledthehighwaynoise.Thehousewassurroundedbythehedge.
===Thetallhedgethatsurroundedthehousemuffledthehighwaynoise.
6.Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore.Hefeltsurethathewasusingtheinstrumentimproperly===Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore,feelingsurethathewasusingtheinstrumentimproperly
7.Iapproachedtheisland.Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.
===Approachingtheisland,Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.
8.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.Itriedtofindagaragetorepairmycar.
===Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterdaytryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.
9.Beijingisabeautifulcity.Thecityisfilledwithflowersandtrees.ThecityremindsusofourhomeonProvo,Utah,intheheartofRockyMountains.
===Beijing,abeautifulcityfilledwithflowersandtrees,remindsusofourhomeonProvo,Utah,intheheartofRockyMountains.
10.Hewasaneven-temperedman.Hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.
===Aneven-temperedman,hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.
11.Thechildrenwatchedthebus
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