胡壮麟名词解释答案.docx

胡壮麟名词解释答案.docx

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胡壮麟名词解释答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程〉名词解释课后答案

Definethefollowingterms:

1.designfeature:

arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.

2.function:

theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,functionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.

3.etic:

atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

4.emic:

atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.

:

akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofgrammarsareofthiskind.

:

studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

:

thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8.prescriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,downrulesforlanguageuse.

:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsoftheandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12.displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

communion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14.metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

:

heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,et

16.competence:

languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18.langue:

thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19.parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

20．Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21．Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22．Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23．Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24．Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25．Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26．Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.isanallophoneof/t/in/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27．Vowl:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28．Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29．Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

30．Distinctivefeatures:

atermofphonology,propertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.

31．Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32．IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33．Suprasegmental:

suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34．Suprasegmental:

aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35.morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36.compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

38.affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

39.derivation:

differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

40.root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41.allomorph:

;anyofthedifferentformofaexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/ins/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42.Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43.boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.

44.freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45.lexeme:

Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword.”doginthemanger”）

46.lexicon:

alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

47.grammaticalword:

wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

48.lexicalword:

wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49.open-class:

awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50.blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

51.loanvoord:

aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

52.loanblend:

aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

53.leanshift:

aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54.acronym:

ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

55.loss:

thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

56.back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

57.assimilation:

thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.dissimilation:

theinfluenceonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

59.folketymology:

achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous

60.category:

partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.

61.concord:

alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.

62.syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.

63.paradigmaticrelation:

arelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandheothersabsent.

64.immediateconstituentanalysis:

theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups（orphrases）,whichareintrunanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntilthe