社会语言学练习.docx
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社会语言学练习.docx
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社会语言学练习
RevisionExercisesforSociolinguistics
I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts。
2.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers。
3.Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother,fromoneregionalgrouptoanother,fromonesocialgrouptoanother,andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.
4.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.
5.Thelinguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.
6.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin。
7.Functionalspeechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects。
8.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary。
9.Geographicalbarriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage。
10.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures。
11.Twospeakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway。
12.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.
13.Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages。
14.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds。
15.Pidginsarelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages。
16.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.
17.ThemajordifferencebetweenapidginandaCreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t。
18.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething。
19.Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.
20.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting。
II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.
22. Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.
23. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.
24. Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.
25. Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.
26. S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.
27. Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.
28. Thestandardlanguageisas_________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.
29. Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orv_______languages.
30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.
31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.
32. Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes,emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.
A.PsycholinguisticsB.Sociolinguistics。
C.HistoricallinguisticsD.Generallinguistics
34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.
A.useofwordsB.useofstructures
C.accent。
D.morphemes
35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.
A.Regionalvariation。
B.Languagevariation
C.SocialvariationD.Registervariation
36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.
A.Geographicalbarriers。
B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeech
C.Physicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochange
D.Socialbarriers
37._________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.
A.LanguageinterferenceB.Languagechanges
C.Languageplanning。
D.Languagetransfer
38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.
A.RegionalvariationB.Changesinemotions
C.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation。
39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.
A.linguafranca。
B.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage
40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.
A.vernacularlanguagesB.creoles
C.pidgins。
D.sociolects
41.Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.
A.female;male。
B.male;femaleC.old;youngD.young;old
42. Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.
A.slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.taboo。
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
43.sociolinguistics44.speechcommunity45.speechvariety
46.languageplanning47.idiolect48.standardlanguage
49.nonstandardlanguage50.linguafranca51.pidgin
52.Creole53.diglossia54.Bilingualism
55.ethnicdialect56.Sociolect57.register
58.slang59.taboo60.euphemism
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.
62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.
63.Whatisalinguistictaboo?
Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage?
64.HowwouldyoudescribethediglossicsituationinChina?
65.WhatisthebasicideaofSapir-WhorfianHypothesis?
66.Howdoyouunderstand“Dialectsofthesamelanguagesometimesarenotmutuallyintelligible.”?
67.ExplainthedifferencesbetweenpidginandCreoleandthenspecifytheirlinguisticfeaturesrespectively.
68ExplainDellHymes’ethnographicalframework(SPEAKING).
Referenceanswers
Sociolinguistics
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F
11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.F
II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.community22.variety23.dialectal24.planning25.sociolects
26.Stylistic27.official28.superposed29.vernacular
30.inflectional31.social32.linguistic
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
33.B34.C35.A.36.A.37.C38.D39.A40.C41.A42.D
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
43. sociolinguistics:
Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.
44. speechcommunity:
Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunityoraspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechcommunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust,insomereasonableway,interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthecommunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties,aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.
45. speechvariety:
Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical,phonological,morphological,syntactic,oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.
46. languageplanning:
languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems,acrossregionalboundaries.
47. Idiolect:
Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional,social,andstylisticvariation,inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense,whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality,pitchandspeechrhythm,whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech.
48. standardlanguage:
Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia,andtaughtineducationalinstitutions,includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.
49. nonstandardlanguage:
Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages
50. linguafranca:
Alingu
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