剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE 3.docx
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剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE 3.docx
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剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE3-阅读真题原文部分:
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READINGPASSAGE3?
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27—40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpages.
Questions27-32
ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs,A-G.
ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes27-32onyouranswersheet.
ListofHeadings
iThebiologicalclock
iiWhydyingisbeneficial
iiiTheageingprocessofmenandwomen
ivProlongingyourlife
vLimitationsoflifespan
viModesofdevelopmentofdifferentspecies
viiAstablelifespandespiteimprovements
viiiEnergyconsumption
ixFundamentaldifferencesinageingofobjectsandorganisms
xRepairofgeneticmaterial
ExampleAnswer
ParagraphAv
?
27?
ParagraphB
28?
ParagraphC
29?
ParagraphD
30?
ParagraphE
31?
ParagraphF
32?
ParagraphG
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HOWDOESTHEBIOLOGICALCLOCKTICK?
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A?
Ourlifespanisrestricted.Everyoneacceptsthisas'biologically'obvious.'Nothinglivesforever!
'However,inthisstatementwethinkofartificiallyproduced,technicalobjects,productswhicharesubjectedtonaturalwearandtearduringuse.Thisleadstotheresultthatatsometimeorothertheobjectstopsworkingandisunusable('death'inthebiologicalsense).Butarethewearandtearandlossoffunctionoftechnicalobjectsandthedeathoflivingorganismsreallysimilarorcomparable?
B?
Our'dead'productsare'static',closedsystems.Itisalwaysthebasicmaterialwhichconstitutestheobjectandwhich,inthenaturalcourseofthings,isworndownandbecomes'older'.Ageinginthiscasemustoccuraccordingtothelawsofphysicalchemistryandofthermodynamics.Althoughthesamelawholdsforalivingorganism,theresultofthislawisnotinexorableinthesameway.Atleastaslongasabiologicalsystemhastheabilitytorenewitselfitcouldactuallybecomeolderwithoutageing;anorganismisanopen,dynamicsystemthroughwhichnewmaterialcontinuouslyflows.Destructionofoldmaterialandformationofnewmaterialarethusinpermanentdynamicequilibrium.Thematerialofwhichtheorganismisformedchangescontinuously.Thusourbodiescontinuouslyexchangeoldsubstancefornew,justlikeaspringwhichmoreorlessmaintainsitsformandmovement,butinwhichthewatermoleculesarealwaysdifferent.
C?
Thusageinganddeathshouldnotbeseenasinevitable,particularlyastheorganismpossessesmanymechanismsforrepair.Itisnot,inprinciple,necessaryforabiologicalsystemtoageanddie.Nevertheless,arestrictedlifespan,ageing,andthendeatharebasiccharacteristicsoflife.Thereasonforthisiseasytorecognise:
innature,theexistentorganismseitheradaptorareregularlyreplacedbynewtypes.Becauseofchangesinthegeneticmaterial(mutations)thesehavenewcharacteristicsandinthecourseoftheirindividuallivestheyaretestedforoptimalorbetteradaptationtotheenvironmentalconditions.Immortalitywoulddisturbthissystem-itneedsroomfornewandbetterlife.Thisisthebasicproblemofevolution.
D?
Everyorganismhasalifespanwhichishighlycharacteristic.Therearestrikingdifferencesinlifespanbetweendifferentspecies,butwithinonespeciestheparameterisrelativelyconstant.Forexample,theaveragedurationofhumanlifehashardlychangedinthousandsofyears.Althoughmoreandmorepeopleattainanadvancedageasaresultofdevelopmentsinmedicalcareandbetternutrition,thecharacteristicupperlimitformostremains80years.Afurtherargumentagainstthesimplewearandteartheoryistheobservationthatthetimewithinwhichorganismsageliesbetweenafewdays(evenafewhoursforunicellularorganisms)andseveralthousandyears,aswithmammothtrees.
E?
Ifalifespanisageneticallydeterminedbiologicalcharacteristic,itislogicallynecessarytoproposetheexistenceofaninternalclock,whichinsomewaymeasuresandcontrolstheageingprocessandwhichfinallydeterminesdeathasthelaststepinafixedprogramme.Likethelifespan,themetabolicratehasfordifferentorganismsafixedmathematicalrelationshiptothebodymass.Incomparisontothelifespanthisrelationshipis'inverted':
thelargertheorganismtheloweritsmetabolicrate.Againthisrelationshipisvalidnotonlyforbirds,butalso,similarlyonaveragewithinthesystematicunit,forallotherorganisms(plants,animals,unicellularorganisms).
FAnimalswhichbehave'frugally'withenergybecomeparticularlyold,forexample,crocodilesandtortoises.Parrotsandbirdsofpreyareoftenheldchainedup.Thustheyarenotableto'experiencelife'andsotheyattainahighlifespanincaptivity.Animalswhichsaveenergybyhibernationorlethargy(e.g.batsorhedgehogs)livemuchlongerthanthosewhicharealwaysactive.Themetabolicrateofmicecanbereducedbyaverylowconsumptionoffood(hungerdiet).Theythenmaylivetwiceaslongastheirwellfedcomrades.Womenbecomedistinctly(about10percent)olderthanmen.Ifyouexaminethemetabolicratesofthetwosexesyouestablishthatthehighermalemetabolicrateroughlyaccountsforthelowermalelifespan.Thatmeansthattheylivelife'energetically'-moreintensively,butnotforaslong.
G?
Itfollowsfromtheabovethatsparinguseofenergyreservesshouldtendtoextendlife.Extremehighperformancesportsmayleadtooptimalcardiovascularperformance,buttheyquitecertainlydonotprolonglife.Relaxationlowersmetabolicrate,asdoesadequatesleepandingeneralanequableandbalancedpersonality.Eachofuscandevelophisorherown'energysavingprogramme'withalittleself-observation,criticalself-controland,aboveall,logicalconsistency.Experiencewillshowthattoliveinthiswaynotonlyincreasesthelifespanbutisalsoveryhealthy.Thisfinalaspectshouldnotbeforgotten.
Questions33-36
Completethenotesbelow.
ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes33-36onyouranswersheet.
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Objectsageinaccordancewithprinciplesof33………………?
?
andof34………………
?
Throughmutations,organismscan35………………?
bettertotheenvironment
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36………………wouldposeaseriousproblemforthetheoryofevolution
Questions37-40
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?
Inboxes37-40onyouranswersheet,write
YES?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
NO?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
NOTGIVEN?
?
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ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
37?
Thewearandteartheoryappliestobothartificialobjectsandbiologicalsystems.
38?
Inprinciple,itispossibleforabiologicalsystemtobecomeolderwithoutageing.
39?
Withinsevenyears,about90percentofahumanbodyisreplacedasnew.
40?
Conservingenergymayhelptoextendahuman'slife.
READINGPASSAGE3?
篇章结构
体裁
说明文
主题
生物钟如何工作?
结构
A段:
万物都有损耗
B段:
物品变旧与生物衰老的本质区别
C段:
死亡的原理
D段:
人类的平均寿命大致恒定
E段:
生物钟控制寿命
F段:
能量消耗是关键
G段:
节约能耗可以延年益寿
解题地图
难度系数:
★★★★
解题顺序:
LISTOFHEADINGS→NOTECOMPLETION→YES/NO/NOTGIVEN
友情提示:
本文的YES/NO/NOTGIVEN可以利用题干中出现的以下表达来猜测答案,一定要记住这些表达一般是选YES或TRUE的标志:
possible/probable/likely
seemto/appearto
may/could/can
notall/notalways/notnecessarily
必背词汇
1.lifespan寿命
Captivityvastlyreducesthelifespanofwhales.圈养大大缩短了鲸鱼的寿命。
Thelifespanofhumanbeinghasbeenconsiderablyprolongedthankstotheadvancesinmedicine.
由于医学的进步,人类的寿命被大大延长了。
2.artificialadj.人工的(adv.artificially)
artificiallight人造光
artificialfertilizer化肥
anartificialsmile一抹假笑
Foodpricesarebeingkeptartificiallylow.食品价格被人为控制得很低。
3.wearandtear磨损
Checktheequipmentforwearandtear.看看机器的磨损情况。
4.staticadj.静止的,静态的
Economistspredictthathousepriceswillremainstaticforalongperiod.
经济学家预测房价会在很长一段时间内保持稳定。
Astaticimageappearedonthescreen.屏幕上出现了一幅静态图像。
5.inexorableadj.无情的,不可阻挡的
NothingstopstheinexorabledeclineofBritain'smanufacturingindustry.
什么也阻止不了英国制造业的无情衰退。
Thepolicefoundtheirprecautionsuselessbeforetheseeminglyinexorableriseincrime.
犯罪率疯狂增长,警察发现他们的预防措施不起作用。
6.equilibriumn.均衡:
平静
Thegovernmentisanxiousnottoupsettheeconomicequilibrium.政府渴望着不去打破经济的平衡。
Shestruggledtorecoverherequilibrium.她努力想恢复平静。
7.mechanismn.机制,原理
Whenapersonisill,thebody'snaturaldefensemechanismscomeintooperation.
当人生病时,身体的天然防御系统就开始运作。
Themechanismofthebrainisyettobefurtherexplored.大脑机制还有待进一步探究。
8.existentadj.存在的
Intheexistentcircumstances,itisimpossible.在现有环境中,这是不可能的。
Theymadeanattempttorefinetheexistentsystemtomakeitmoreefficient.
他们努力尝试改善现存体系以使其更有效率。
9.optimaladj.最佳的,最理想的
Theymadecomparisonsbetweeneverypossiblechoiceinordertomaketheoptimalchoice.
他们对每个可能选项都进行了对比以便做出最佳选择。
theoptimalgrowthtemperature最适合生长的温度
10.parametern.参数,系数
TheinquiryhastostaywithintheparameterslaiddownbyCongress.
调查必须在国会设定好的范围内展开。
11.internaladj.内部的,内在的,国内的
Wehavenointerestininterferingintheinternalaffairsofothercountries.我们无意干涉别国内政。
There'stobeaninternalinquiryintothewholeaffair.针对整个事件将会进行内部调查。
12.frugaladj.节俭的,朴素的
Aschildrenweweretaughttobefrugalandhard-working.我们在孩提时被教导要勤俭节约,努力工作。
Heledaremarkablyfrugalexistence.他的生活极其俭朴。
13.reserven.储备,储存
SomehowDebbiemaintainedaninnerreserveofstrength.不知怎地,Debbie身上蕴含着一种不知名的韧劲儿。
Wealwayskeepsomemone
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