主要文学作品流派.docx

主要文学作品流派.docx

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主要文学作品流派

主要文学流派及其代表作

Classicism古典主义

Asacriticalterm,abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomancultureparticularlyinliterature,philosophy,artorcriticism.Classicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansordevelopedthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Theseincluderestraint,restrictedscope,dominanceofreason,senseofform,unityofdesignandaim,clarity,simplicity,balance,attentiontostructureandlogicalorganization,chastenessinstyle,severityofoutline,moderation,self-control,intellectualism,decorum,respectfortradition,imitation,conservatismand"goodsense".

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksinclude：

JohnBunyan:

ThePilgrim'sProgress（1678）.

Neoclassicism新古典主义

Itmainlyappliestotheclassicaltendencywhichdominatedtheliteratureofthe17thcenturyand18thcentury.Itwas,atleast,theresultofareactionagainstthefiresofpassionwhichhadblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyinthemetaphysical（十七世纪诗体的）poetry.AndNeoclassicismesteemedobjectivity,harmony,rationality,dignity,proportion,andmoderation,stressedartisticsystemsandtechnicalcorrelationofstylisticcomponents,admiredconciseness,elegance,goodtasteandwit,combinedpleasurewithinstructionandmatchedcontenttostyle.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

JohnDryden（1631--1700）:

TheWorldWellLost（1678）;

AlexanderPope（1688--1744）:

TheRapeoftheLock（1714）,

TheDunciad（1742）.

EarlyRomanticism浪漫主义

Romanticism,asaliterarytrend,occurredanddevelopedinEuropeandAmericaattheturnofthe18thand19thcenturiesunderthehistoricalbackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolution.

Romanticismstressesindividualandcreativefunctionofimagination.Itplacesindividualattheverycenterofalllifeandallexperienceandatthecenterofart.

Itscharacteristicsare:

（1）Romanticismisarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.

（2）Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsaremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.

（3）RomanticsdonotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGod

（4）Theyemphasizeindividualism,placingtheindividualagainsttheagainstthegroup,againstauthority.

（5）Theyaffirmtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwanteachpersontobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts

（6）Theycherishstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.

（7）Theyareinterestedinvarietyandattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,remote,themysterious,andthestrange.

（8）AmericanRomanticismpresentsanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture,andproduceafeelingof"newness"whichhasinspiredtheromanticimagination.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

WordsworthandColeridge:

LyricalBallads（1798）;

WashingtonIrving:

TheSketchBook（1820）

HighRomantics

Americanromanticismreachesitspeakwiththeappearanceofthemajorauthorsofthe19thCentury,suchasEdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinsoninpoetry,andNathanielHawthorneandHermanMelvilleinfiction.Theytooktheirdeparturefromthecomplacentromanticimpulseoftheearly19thcenturyandcreatedforthemselvesnewliterarypersonalities.Theyestablishedfirmgroundfortheirartinwell-conceivedliterarytheoriesandwell-structuredliteraryforms.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworks

EdgarAllanPoe:

TheRaven（1845）;

WaltWhitman:

LeavesofGrass（1855）;

NathanielHawthorne:

TheScarletLetter

HermanMelville:

MobyDick（1851）.

Realism

Realismisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsists

everydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanneronprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonestyandademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asaliterarymovement,realismreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccuredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.

Itsmajorfeaturesare:

（1）Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydaysensesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.

（2）Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.

（3）Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.

（4）Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.

（5）Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.

（6）Romanticismpresentsmoralvisions.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

WilliamDeanHowell:

AModernInstance（1882）

MarkTwain:

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（1884）

GeorgeEliot:

AdamBede（1859）

TheMillontheFloss（1860）

Naturalism

Naturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofiction.Itviewshumanbeingsanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overnoneofwhichtheyhavecontrolandnoneofwhichtheyfullyunderstand.Herearethreemajorconceptsofliterarynaturalisminthebroadabstractway:

（1）Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.

（2）Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.

（3）Theliterarynaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists:

thedifferenceisrestraint,notactionitself;naturalistcharactersactoutofasimilarsetofmotivesanddesires,andtheydifferfromtheirrealistcounterpartsonlyinbeingunabletoresisttheconditionsthatpressuponthem.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

StephenCrane:

Maggie,aGirloftheStreets（1893）,

TheRedBadgeofCourage（1895）;

TheodoreDreiser:

SisterCarrie（1899）,

AnAmericanTragedy（1925）

Modernism

From1890stoearly1940s,modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivismandrepresentationalartandliterature.Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepastanditalsofosteresabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Modernismtakesshapeinaconvergenceoftendenciesinmodernculture,accidentalcircumstancesandconcertseffortsonthepastofinfluentialwriters,somepoliticallyconservativeandsomeradical.Itincludesawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,futurism,imagism,vorticism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.

Itsmajorfeaturesare:

（1）Modernismdramatizesdiscontinuityandimminentseverancefromthepastwhilemakingdeterminedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticforms,layemphasisonincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.

（2）Modernistshaveasenseoffragmentationinsocialcommunitiesandthefragmentationwithintheindividualhimself.

（3）Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismisitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalperceptionsandtechniquesofexpression,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageallaspectsofitsmedium.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

ThomasStearnsEliot:

TheHollowMen（1922）

AshWednesday（1930）;

ErnestHemingway:

AFarewelltoArms（1929）,

TheOldManandtheSea（1952）

PostwarRealism

Postwarrealismisdifferentfromthenormativerealismofthe19thcentury.Ithasbeensearchforvisionthatcanrelateanoppressedresponsetosocietyandhistorytoanawarenessofindividuallonelinessandmoralandtranscendentalhungerbothtodifferentiateandreunitetheselfandthesocietyanditisnotmerelyareturntotheoldtraditionofrealism.Postwarrealismembodiesgreatchangesinliteraturealongwiththegreatchangesinsociety.

Postwarrealistwritersfocusmoreonspiritualaspectsofhumanlifewhilerevealingdenouncingthedarkforcesinsociety.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

JamesThurber:

NewYorker（1925--1933）;

Updike:

TheCentaur（1964）

Postmodernism

1963isidentifiedasthebeginningofPostmodernism.Itischaracterizedbyamultiplicityofindividualvoices.Andpostmodernfictionsharesacommonsensethatacrisisisathandforsocietyandforliteratureandthatallformsofdogma,convention,ideologyneedtobereexaminedandreplacedifnecessarybyfreshersystemsmoresuitabletothetimes.

Itsmajorfeaturesare:

（1）Postmodernwritersbroodoverwhattheyperceivetobeabsenceofanswersandcontinuitybyemphasizingrandomnessanddiscontinuityandbyblurringthedistinctionbetweenauthorandfictionalcharacter.Theyinsistondrawingthereaderintotheconfidencethatthetextistheonlyreality.

（2）PostmodernfictionseekstoshowtheformratherthanthecontentofAmericanreality.

（3）Thefundamentalruleofthepostmodernfictionistheabsurdandthearbitrary.

（4）Postmodernwritersholdthattherealityofmodernlifeistooelusiveanduncertainforpeopletorationalizeandidealize

（5）Thedistrustoftraditionalmimeticgenres,alliedtothephilosophicalclimateofstructuralismanddeconstruction,hasencouragedpostmodernismtoembracepopularforms,suchasdetectivefiction,sciencefiction,andfairytale.

Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:

KurtVonnegut:

TheSirensofTitan（1959）,

Cat’sCradle（1963）

RaymondFederman:

TakeItorLeaveIt（1976）

StreamofConsciousness

Theterm"streamofconsciousness",coinedbyWilliamJames,isusedtoindicatealiteraryapproachtothepresentationofpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersinfiction.

Therearetwolevelsofconsciousness,"thespeechlevel"and"theprespeechlevel".Stream-of-consciousnessnovelsaregreatlyconcernedwiththeprespeechlevel,i.e.withwhatliesbelowthesurface.

Thus